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Silica

A group of related mineral species

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Rock Crystal

Selvino, Bergamo Province, Lombardy, Italy

Quartz, etc.

Sanming, Fujian, China

Agate

Baker Egg Ranch, Carrizalillo Mining District, Luna County, New Mexico, USA

Rock Crystal

Selvino, Bergamo Province, Lombardy, Italy

Quartz, etc.

Sanming, Fujian, China

Agate

Baker Egg Ranch, Carrizalillo Mining District, Luna County, New Mexico, USA

Rock Crystal

Selvino, Bergamo Province, Lombardy, Italy

Quartz, etc.

Sanming, Fujian, China

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About SilicaHide

Synonym of:

Coesite, Cristobalite, Keatite, Mogánite, Opal, Quartz, Tridymite

Silica is the trivial name for the chemical compound silicon dioxide, SiO₂. The term silica comprises all polymorphs of silicon dioxide. In geoscience literature, the term silica also includes silicic acid, H₄SiO₄, which forms when silica polymorphs and silicate minerals are dissolved in water.

Two groups of silica polymorphs can be distinguished by their molecular structure:
1. Polymorphs that are made of SiO₄ tetrahedra: α-quartz, β-quartz, moganite, α-tridymite, β-tridymite, α-cristobalite, β-cristobalite, keatite, coesite and silica glass (lechatelierite) are pure silica polymorphs. Opal-AG, opal-AN, opal-C, opal-CT, melanophlogite and chibaite are mostly poorly crystalline silica polymorphs that contain water and sometimes other impurities. Structurally, all these polymorphs are network silicates.
2. High-pressure polymorphs in which each silicon atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms: stishovite and seifertite. Since these polymorphs are not made of SiO₄ tetrahedra, they are not structurally related to silicates.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

10916

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:10916:7

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0000816	Coesite	Levien L, Prewitt C T (1981) High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite American Mineralogist 66 324-333	1981		0	293
0000817	Coesite	Levien L, Prewitt C T (1981) High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite American Mineralogist 66 324-333	1981		0	293
0000818	Coesite	Levien L, Prewitt C T (1981) High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite American Mineralogist 66 324-333	1981		2.18	293
0000819	Coesite	Levien L, Prewitt C T (1981) High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite American Mineralogist 66 324-333	1981		3.15	293
0000820	Coesite	Levien L, Prewitt C T (1981) High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite American Mineralogist 66 324-333	1981		3.87	293
0000821	Coesite	Levien L, Prewitt C T (1981) High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite American Mineralogist 66 324-333	1981		4.6	293
0000822	Coesite	Levien L, Prewitt C T (1981) High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite American Mineralogist 66 324-333	1981		5.19	293
0004264	Coesite	Ikuta D, Kawame N, Banno S, Hirajima T, Ito K, Rakovan J F, Downs R T, Tamada O (2007) First in situ X-ray diffraction identification of coesite and retrograde quartz on a glass thin section of an ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock and their crystal structure details American Mineralogist 92 57-63	2007	Yangkou meta-igneous complex in the middle part of the Sulu UHP terrain, eastern China	0	293
0008746	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		0.0001	293
0008747	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		0.0001	293
0008748	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		2.248	293
0008749	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		2.84	293
0008750	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		3.763	293
0008751	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		4.45	293
0008752	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		5.01	293
0008753	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		6.16	293
0008754	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		6.509	293
0008755	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		7.814	293
0008756	Coesite	Angel R J, Shaw C S J, Gibbs G V (2003) Compression mechanisms of coesite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 167-176	2003		8.68	293
0010692	Coesite	Araki T, Zoltai T (1969) Refinement of a coesite structure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 129 381-387	1969	synthetic	0	293
0010809	Coesite	Kirfe A, Will G, Arndt J (1979) A new phase of coesite SiO2 it is not really a new phase Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 149 315-326	1979		0	293
0010855	Coesite	Sasaki S, Chen H K, Prewitt C T, Nakajima Y (1983) Re-examination of "P2_1/a coesite" Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 164 67-77	1983	synthetic	0	293
0001629	Cristobalite	Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14	1994	Ellora Caves, India	0	293
0001630	Cristobalite	Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14	1994	Ellora Caves, India	0.19	293
0001631	Cristobalite	Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14	1994	Ellora Caves, India	0.73	293
0001632	Cristobalite	Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14	1994	Ellora Caves, India	1.05	293
0020170	Cristobalite	Matsui M, Sato T, Funamori N (2014) Crystal structures and stabilities of cristobalite-helium phases at high pressures American Mineralogist 99 184-189	2014	calculated structure	10	293
0020171	Cristobalite	Matsui M, Sato T, Funamori N (2014) Crystal structures and stabilities of cristobalite-helium phases at high pressures American Mineralogist 99 184-189	2014	calculated structure	4	293
0018342	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	0.2	293
0018343	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	0.6	293
0018344	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	3.6	293
0018345	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	5.4	293
0018346	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	7.3	293
0018347	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	9.1	293
0018348	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011		3.5	293
0018349	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Note z-coordinate of O2 is corrected Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	4.9	293
0018350	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	7.4	293
0018351	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	10.1	293
0020745	Cristobalite	Lee S, Xu H (2019) Using powder XRD and pair distribution function to determine anisotropic atomic displacement parameters of orthorhombic tridymite and tetragonal cristobalite Acta Crystallographica B75 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520619000933	2019	rhyolitic rock, New Mexico, USA	0	293
0017665	Cristobalite	Wyckoff R (1925) Die Kristallstruktur von $-beta-Crystobalit Si O2 (bei hohen Temperaturen stabile Form). _cod_database_code 1010944 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 62 189-200	1925		0	293
0017659	Cristobalite	Nieuwenkamp W (1935) Die Kristallstruktur des Tief-Cristobalits Si O2 _cod_database_code 1010938 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 92 82-88	1935		0	293
0010623	Cristobalite	Dollase W A (1965) Reinvestigation of the structure of low cristobalite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 121 369-377	1965	Ellora, Hyderabad, India	0	293
0010747	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010748	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010749	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010750	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010751	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010752	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010753	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010754	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010755	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010756	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010757	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0017674	Cristobalite	Wyckoff R (1925) The crystal structure of the high temperature form of Cristobalite (SiO2) _cod_database_code 1010954 American Journal of Science 9 448-459	1925		0	293
0017646	Cristobalite	Barth T (1932) The Cristobalite Structures. I. High-Cristobalite _cod_database_code 1010921 American Journal of Science 23 350-356	1932		0	293
0012928	Cristobalite	Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049	1985	synthetic	0	293
0012929	Cristobalite	Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049	1985	synthetic	0	293
0012930	Cristobalite	Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049	1985	synthetic	0	293
0020708	Cristobalite	Le Bail A (1995) Modelling the silica glass structure by the Rietveld method Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 183 39-42	1995		0	293
0018754	Cristobalite	Gibbs G V, Boisen M B, Downs R T, Lasaga A C (1988) Mathematical Modeling of the structures and bulk moduli of TX2 quartz Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings 121 155-165	1988	theoretical	0	293
0014541	Cristobalite	Dove M T, Craig M S, Keen D A, Marshall W G, Redfern S A T, Trachenko K O, Tucker M G (2000) Crystal structure of the high-pressure monoclinic phase-II of cristobalite, SiO2 Mineralogical Magazine 64 569-576	2000	synthetic	3.5	293
0014542	Cristobalite	Dove M T, Craig M S, Keen D A, Marshall W G, Redfern S A T, Trachenko K O, Tucker M G (2000) Crystal structure of the high-pressure monoclinic phase-II of cristobalite, SiO2 Mineralogical Magazine 64 569-576	2000	synthetic	3.5	293
0002748	Melanophlogite	Nakagawa T, Kihara K, Harada K (2001) The crystal structure of low melanophlogite American Mineralogist 86 1506-1512	2001		0	293
0004493	Melanophlogite	Tribaudino M, Artoni A, Mavris C, Bersani D, Lottici P P, Belletti D (2008) Single-crystal X-ray and Raman investigation on melanophlogite from Varano Marchesi (Parma, Italy) American Mineralogist 93 88-94	2008	Case Montanini, Varano Marchesi, Parma, Italy	0	293
0010856	Melanophlogite	Gies H (1983) Studies on clathrasils. III. Crystal structure of melanophlogite, a natural clathrate compound of silica Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 164 247-257	1983		0	293
0000789	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		0	293
0000790	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		2.07	293
0000791	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		3.76	293
0000792	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		4.86	293
0000793	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		5.58	293
0000794	Quartz	Levien L, Prewitt C T, Weidner D J (1980) Structure and elastic properties of quartz at pressure American Mineralogist 65 920-930	1980		6.14	293
0004265	Quartz	Ikuta D, Kawame N, Banno S, Hirajima T, Ito K, Rakovan J F, Downs R T, Tamada O (2007) First in situ X-ray diffraction identification of coesite and retrograde quartz on a glass thin section of an ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock and their crystal structure details American Mineralogist 92 57-63	2007	Yangkou meta-igneous complex in the middle part of the Sulu UHP terrain, eastern China	0	293
0004266	Quartz	Ikuta D, Kawame N, Banno S, Hirajima T, Ito K, Rakovan J F, Downs R T, Tamada O (2007) First in situ X-ray diffraction identification of coesite and retrograde quartz on a glass thin section of an ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock and their crystal structure details American Mineralogist 92 57-63	2007	Oomine granite, Tenkawa-mura, Nara, Southwest Japan	0	293
0004267	Quartz	Ikuta D, Kawame N, Banno S, Hirajima T, Ito K, Rakovan J F, Downs R T, Tamada O (2007) First in situ X-ray diffraction identification of coesite and retrograde quartz on a glass thin section of an ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock and their crystal structure details American Mineralogist 92 57-63	2007	Oomine granite, Tenkawa-mura, Nara, Southwest Japan	0	293
0006212	Quartz	Antao S M, Hassan I, Wang J, Lee P L, Toby B H (2008) State-of-the-art high-resolution powder x-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) illustrated with Rietveld structure refinement of quartz, sodalite, tremolite, and meionite The Canadian Mineralogist 46 1501-1509	2008	not specified	0	293
0006362	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	298
0006363	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	398
0006364	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	498
0006365	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	597
0006366	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	697
0006367	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	773
0006368	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	813
0006369	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	838
0006370	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	848
0006371	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	854
0006372	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	859
0006373	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	869
0006374	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	891
0006375	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	920
0006376	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	972
0006377	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	1012
0006378	Quartz	Kihara K (1990) An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure European Journal of Mineralogy 2 63-77	1990		0	1078
0008971	Quartz	Rosa A L, El-Barbary A A, Heggie M I, Briddon P R (2005) Structural and thermodynamic properties of water related defects in alpha-quartz Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 323-331	2005		0	293
0018071	Quartz	Wyckoff R (1926) Kriterien fur hexagonale Raumgruppen und die Kristallstruktur von beta Quarz. _cod_database_code 1011200 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 63 507-537	1926		0	293
0017992	Quartz	Wei (1935) Die Bindung im Quarz _cod_database_code 1011097 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 92 355-362	1935		0	293
0010604	Quartz	Arnold H (1962) Die struktur des hochquarzes Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 117 467-469	1962		0	293
0010605	Quartz	Arnold H (1962) Die struktur des hochquarzes Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 117 467-469	1962		0	293
0011007	Quartz	Glinnemann J, King H E, Schulz H, Hahn T, La Placa S J, Dacol F (1992) Crystal structures of the low-temperature quartz-type phases of SiO2 and GeO2 at elevated pressure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 198 177-212	1992		0	293
0011008	Quartz	Glinnemann J, King H E, Schulz H, Hahn T, La Placa S J, Dacol F (1992) Crystal structures of the low-temperature quartz-type phases of SiO2 and GeO2 at elevated pressure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 198 177-212	1992		4	293
0011009	Quartz	Glinnemann J, King H E, Schulz H, Hahn T, La Placa S J, Dacol F (1992) Crystal structures of the low-temperature quartz-type phases of SiO2 and GeO2 at elevated pressure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 198 177-212	1992		7.2	293
0011010	Quartz	Glinnemann J, King H E, Schulz H, Hahn T, La Placa S J, Dacol F (1992) Crystal structures of the low-temperature quartz-type phases of SiO2 and GeO2 at elevated pressure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 198 177-212	1992		10.2	293
0012866	Quartz	Gualtieri A F (2000) Accuracy of XRPD QPA using the combined Rietveld-RIR method Journal of Applied Crystallography 33 267-278	2000	Baveno, Novara, Italy	0	293
0018749	Quartz	Gibbs G V, Boisen M B, Downs R T, Lasaga A C (1988) Mathematical Modeling of the structures and bulk moduli of TX2 quartz Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings 121 155-165	1988	theoretical	0	293
0018049	Quartz	Brill R, Hermann C, Peters C (1939) Studien ueber chemische Bindung mittels Fourieranalyse III. Die Bindung im Quarz _cod_database_code 1011172 Naturwissenschaften 27 676-677	1939		0	293
0015462	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	0	293
0015463	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	2	293
0015464	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	5.1	293
0015465	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	8	293
0015466	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	9.5	293
0015467	Quartz	Hazen R M, Finger L W, Hemley R J, Mao H K (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz Solid State Communications 72 507-511	1989	synthetic	12.5	293
0001306	Stishovite	Ross N L, Shu J F, Hazen R M, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite American Mineralogist 75 739-747	1990		0	293
0001307	Stishovite	Ross N L, Shu J F, Hazen R M, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite American Mineralogist 75 739-747	1990		1.7	293
0001308	Stishovite	Ross N L, Shu J F, Hazen R M, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite American Mineralogist 75 739-747	1990		2.5	293
0001309	Stishovite	Ross N L, Shu J F, Hazen R M, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite American Mineralogist 75 739-747	1990		4	293
0001310	Stishovite	Ross N L, Shu J F, Hazen R M, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite American Mineralogist 75 739-747	1990		4.7	293
0001311	Stishovite	Ross N L, Shu J F, Hazen R M, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite American Mineralogist 75 739-747	1990		9	293
0001312	Stishovite	Ross N L, Shu J F, Hazen R M, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite American Mineralogist 75 739-747	1990		11	293
0001313	Stishovite	Ross N L, Shu J F, Hazen R M, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite American Mineralogist 75 739-747	1990		15	293
0001738	Stishovite	Smyth J R, Swope R J, Pawley A R (1995) H in rutile-type compounds: II. Crystal chemistry of Al substitution in H-bearing stishovite American Mineralogist 80 454-456	1995		0	293
0001739	Stishovite	Smyth J R, Swope R J, Pawley A R (1995) H in rutile-type compounds: II. Crystal chemistry of Al substitution in H-bearing stishovite American Mineralogist 80 454-456	1995		0	293
0007378	Stishovite	Endo S, Akai T, Akahama Y, Wakatsuki M, Nakamura T, Tomii Y, Koto K, Ito Y, Tokonami M (1986) High temperature X-ray study of single crystal stishovite synthesized with Li2WO4 as flux Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 146-151	1986		0	293
0007379	Stishovite	Endo S, Akai T, Akahama Y, Wakatsuki M, Nakamura T, Tomii Y, Koto K, Ito Y, Tokonami M (1986) High temperature X-ray study of single crystal stishovite synthesized with Li2WO4 as flux Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 146-151	1986		0	293
0007380	Stishovite	Endo S, Akai T, Akahama Y, Wakatsuki M, Nakamura T, Tomii Y, Koto K, Ito Y, Tokonami M (1986) High temperature X-ray study of single crystal stishovite synthesized with Li2WO4 as flux Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 146-151	1986		0	293
0007381	Stishovite	Endo S, Akai T, Akahama Y, Wakatsuki M, Nakamura T, Tomii Y, Koto K, Ito Y, Tokonami M (1986) High temperature X-ray study of single crystal stishovite synthesized with Li2WO4 as flux Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 146-151	1986		0	293
0007382	Stishovite	Endo S, Akai T, Akahama Y, Wakatsuki M, Nakamura T, Tomii Y, Koto K, Ito Y, Tokonami M (1986) High temperature X-ray study of single crystal stishovite synthesized with Li2WO4 as flux Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 146-151	1986		0	293
0007434	Stishovite	Spackman M A, Hill R J, Gibbs G V (1987) Exploration of structure and bonding in stishovite with Fourier and Pseudoaton Refinement methods using single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14 139-150	1987		0	293
0007435	Stishovite	Spackman M A, Hill R J, Gibbs G V (1987) Exploration of structure and bonding in stishovite with Fourier and Pseudoaton Refinement methods using single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14 139-150	1987		0	293
0007436	Stishovite	Spackman M A, Hill R J, Gibbs G V (1987) Exploration of structure and bonding in stishovite with Fourier and Pseudoaton Refinement methods using single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14 139-150	1987		0	293
0007437	Stishovite	Spackman M A, Hill R J, Gibbs G V (1987) Exploration of structure and bonding in stishovite with Fourier and Pseudoaton Refinement methods using single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14 139-150	1987		0	293
0008735	Stishovite	Yamanaka T, Fukuda T, Tsuchiya J (2002) Bonding character of SiO2 stishovite under high pressures up to 30 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 29 633-641	2002		0	293
0008736	Stishovite	Yamanaka T, Fukuda T, Tsuchiya J (2002) Bonding character of SiO2 stishovite under high pressures up to 30 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 29 633-641	2002		5.23	293
0008737	Stishovite	Yamanaka T, Fukuda T, Tsuchiya J (2002) Bonding character of SiO2 stishovite under high pressures up to 30 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 29 633-641	2002		9.26	293
0008738	Stishovite	Yamanaka T, Fukuda T, Tsuchiya J (2002) Bonding character of SiO2 stishovite under high pressures up to 30 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 29 633-641	2002		12.3	293
0008739	Stishovite	Yamanaka T, Fukuda T, Tsuchiya J (2002) Bonding character of SiO2 stishovite under high pressures up to 30 GPa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 29 633-641	2002		29.1	293
0009403	Stishovite	Baur W H, Khan A A (1971) Rutile-type compounds. VI. SiO2, GeO2 and a comparison with other rutile-type structures Acta Crystallographica B27 2133-2139	1971	Meteor Crater, Arizona, USA	0	293
0013504	Stishovite	Hill R J, Newton M D, Gibbs G V (1983) A crystal chemical study of stishovite Journal of Solid State Chemistry 47 185-200	1983	synthetic	0	293
0000531	Tridymite	Dollase W A, Baur W H (1976) The superstructure of meteoritic low tridymite solved by computer simulation American Mineralogist 61 971-978	1976	Steinbach meteorite, Saxony, Germany	0	293
0006615	Tridymite	Graetsch H, Topalovic-Dierdorf I (1996) 29Si MAS NMR spectrum and superstructure of modulated tridymite L3-To(MX-1) European Journal of Mineralogy 8 103-113	1996	synthetic	0	293
0006616	Tridymite	Graetsch H, Topalovic-Dierdorf I (1996) 29Si MAS NMR spectrum and superstructure of modulated tridymite L3-To(MX-1) European Journal of Mineralogy 8 103-113	1996	synthetic	0	293
0008552	Tridymite	Graetsch H (2001) X-ray powder diffraction study on the modulated high temperature forms of SiO2 tridymite between 110 and 220 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28 313-321	2001	synthetic	0	293
0008553	Tridymite	Graetsch H (2001) X-ray powder diffraction study on the modulated high temperature forms of SiO2 tridymite between 110 and 220 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28 313-321	2001	synthetic	0	388
0020733	Tridymite	Dollase W A (1967) The crystal structure at 220 C of orthothombic high tridymite from the Steinbach meteorite Acta Crystallographica 23 617-623	1967	Steinbach meteorite	0	293
0020734	Tridymite	Kato V K, Nukui A (1976) Die kristallstruktur des monoklinen tief-tridymits Acta Crystallographica B32 2486-2491	1976	synthetic	0	293
0009625	Tridymite	Konnert J H, Appleman D E (1978) The crystal structure of low tridymite Acta Crystallographica B34 391-403	1978	Plumas County, California, USA	0	293
0020744	Tridymite	Lee S, Xu H (2019) Using powder XRD and pair distribution function to determine anisotropic atomic displacement parameters of orthorhombic tridymite and tetragonal cristobalite Acta Crystallographica B75 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520619000933	2019	rhyolitic rock, New Mexico, USA	0	293
0013132	Tridymite	Hirose T, Kihara K, Okuno M, Fujinami S, Shinoda K (2005) X-ray, DTA and Raman studies of monoclinic tridymite and its higher temperature orthorhombic modification with varying temperature. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 100 55-69	2005	synthetic	0	298
0013133	Tridymite	Hirose T, Kihara K, Okuno M, Fujinami S, Shinoda K (2005) X-ray, DTA and Raman studies of monoclinic tridymite and its higher temperature orthorhombic modification with varying temperature. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 100 55-69	2005	synthetic	0	373
0013134	Tridymite	Hirose T, Kihara K, Okuno M, Fujinami S, Shinoda K (2005) X-ray, DTA and Raman studies of monoclinic tridymite and its higher temperature orthorhombic modification with varying temperature. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 100 55-69	2005	synthetic	0	413
0002871	Seifertite	Dera P, Prewitt C T, Boctor N Z, Hemley R J (2002) Characterization of a high-pressure phase of silica from the Martian meteorite Shergotty alpha-PbO2-like American Mineralogist 87 1018-1023	2002		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Coesite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Levien L'
'Prewitt C T'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 66 
_journal_year 1981
_journal_page_first 324
_journal_page_last 333
_publ_section_title
;
 High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite
 P = 1 atm isotropic refinement
;
_database_code_amcsd 0000816
_chemical_formula_sum 'Si O2'
_cell_length_a 7.1356
_cell_length_b 12.3692
_cell_length_c 7.1736
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 120.34
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 546.439
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      2.921
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'C 1 2/c 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2+y,z'
  'x,-y,1/2+z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '-x,y,1/2-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Si1   0.14033   0.10833   0.07227   0.00519
Si2   0.50682   0.15799   0.54077   0.00507
O1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.00899
O2   0.50000   0.11630   0.75000   0.00861
O3   0.26600   0.12340   0.94010   0.01001
O4   0.31140   0.10380   0.32820   0.01026
O5   0.01720   0.21170   0.47820   0.00950

Varieties of SilicaHide

Float-stone

A coarse, porous, friable variety of impure silica, comprised chiefly of the siliceous skeletons of infusoria.

Relationship of Silica to other SpeciesHide

Silica Members:

Chibaite	SiO₂ · n(CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, i-C₄H₁₀) (n = 3/17 (max))	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Fd3
Coesite	SiO₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Cristobalite	SiO₂	Tet. 4 2 2 : P4₁ 2₁ 2
Keatite	SiO₂	Tet. 4 2 2 : P4₃ 2₁ 2
Lechatelierite	SiO₂	Amor.
Melanophlogite	46SiO₂ · 6(N₂,CO₂) · 2(CH₄,N₂)	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m)
Mogánite	SiO₂	Mon. 2/m
Opal-AG	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Opal-AN	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Opal-C	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Opal-CT	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Quartz	SiO₂	Trig. 3 2 : P3₁ 2 1
Quartz-beta	SiO₂	Hex. 6 2 2 : P6₄ 2 2
Seifertite	SiO₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
Stishovite	SiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Tridymite	SiO₂	Tric. 1
β-Cristobalite	SiO₂	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
β-Tridymite	SiO₂

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Silica in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for SilicaHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-10916.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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References for SilicaHide

Reference List:

Sosman, R.B. (1927) The Properties of Silica. 856 pp., New York.

Rogers, Austin Flint (1928), Natural history of the silica minerals: American Mineralogist: 13: 73-92

Cartz, L. (1964) An X-ray diffraction study of the structure of silica glass. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 120: 241-260.

Robinson, H.A. (1965) On the structure of vitreous SiO2. I. A new pentagonal dodecahedral model. Journal Phys. Chem. Solids: 26: 209-222.

Henninger, E.H., Buschert, R.C., and Heaton, L. (1967) Atomic structure and correlation in vitreous silica by x-ray and neutron diffraction. Journal Phys. Chem. Solids: 28: 423-432.

Hicks, J.F.G. (1967) Structure of silica glass. Scence: 155: 459-461.

Kushiro, I. (1969) The system forsterite-diopside-silica with and without water at high pressures. American Journal of Science: 267: 269-294.

Mozzi, R.L. and Warren, B.E (1969) The structure of vitreous silica. Journalm of Applied Crystallography: 2: 164-172.

Bell, R.J. and Dean, P. (1972) The structure of vitreous silica: validity of the random network theory. Phil. Magazine: 25: 1381-1398.

Konnert, J.H. and Karle, J. (1972) Tridymite-like structure in silica glass. Nature Phys. Sci.: 236: 92-94.

Narten, A.H. (1972) Diffraction pattern and structure of non-crystalline BeF2 and SiO2 at 25°C. Journal Chem. Phys.: 56: 1905-1909.

Konnert, J.H. and Karle, J. (1973a) Crystalline ordering in silica and germania glasses. Science: 179: 177-179.

Konnert, J.H., Ferguson, G.A., and Karle, J. (1974) Structure of silica glass: rebuttal. Science: 184: 93.

Da Silva, J.R.G.D., Pinatti, D.G., Anderson, C.E., and Rudee, M.L. (1975) A refinement of the structure of vitreous silica. Phil. Magazine: 31: 713-717.

Yip, K.L. and Fowler, W.B. (1975) Electronic structure of E1' centers in SiO2. Physics Review B: B11: 2327-2338.

Gaskell, P.H. and Tarrant, I.D. (1980) Refinement of a random network model for vitreous silicon dioxide. Phil. Magazine: B42: 265-286.

Herms, G. and Steil, H. (1980) The pentagonal dodecahedral model of vitreous silica and its compatibility with diffraction experiments. Krist. Tech.-Cryst. Res. Tech.: 15: 879-884.

Konnert, J.H., D'Antonio, P., and Karle, J. (1982) Comparison of radial distribution function for silica glass with those for various bonding topologies: use of correlation function. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 53: 135-141.

Richet, P., Bottinga, Y., Deniélou, L., Petitet, J.P., and Téqui, C. (1982) Thermodynamic properties of quartz, cristobalite, and amorphous SiO2: drop calorimetry measurements between 1000 and 1800 K and a review from 0 to 2000 K. Geochimica et Cosmochmica Acta: 46: 2639-2658.

Jani, M.G., Bossoli, R.B., and Halliburton, L.E. (1983) Further characterization of the E1' center in crystalline SiO2. Physics Review: B 27: 2285-2293.

Johnson, P.A.V., Wright, A.C., and Sinclair, R.N. (1983) Neutron scattering from vitreous silica. II. Twin-axis diffraction experiments. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 58: 109-130.

Smith, J.V. and Blackwell, C.S. (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance of silica polymorphs. Nature: 303: 223-225.

Dupree, E. and Pettifer, R.F. (1984) Determination of the Si-O-Si angle distribution in vitreous silica by magic angle spinning NMR. Nature: 308: 523-525.

Coombs, P.G., De Natale, J.F., Hood, P.J., McElfresh, D.K., Wortman, R.S., and Shackelford, J.F. (1985) The nature of the Si-O-Si bond angle distribution in vitreous silica. Phil. Magazine: B51: L39-L42.

Gupta, R.P. (1985) Electronic structure of crystalline and amorphous silicon dioxide. Physical Review: B32: 8278-8292.

Galeener, F.L. and Wright, A.C. (1986) The J.C. Phillips model for vitreous SiO2: a critical appraisal. Solid State Commun.: 57: 677-682.

Gerber, T. and Himmel, B. (1986) The structure of silica glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 83: 324-334.

Goodman, C.H.L. (1986) The structure of silica glass and its surface. Phys. Chem. Glasses: 27: 27-31.

Kusabiraki, K. (1987) Infrared and Raman spectra of vitreous silica and sodium silicates containing titanium. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 95-96: 411-418.

Galeener, F.L. (1988) Current models for amorphous SiO2. In: The Physics and Technology of Amorphous SiO* (R.A.B. Devine, ed.) Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Griscom, D.L. (1989) Self-trapped holes in amorphous silicon dioxide. Physics review: B 40: 4224-4228.

Gladden, L.F. (1990b) Medium-range order in v-SiO2. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 119: 318-330.

Guttman, L. (1990) Ring structure of the crystalline and amorphous forms of silicon dioxide. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 116: 154-147.

Marians, C.S. and Burdett, J.K. (1990) Geometric constraints: a refined model for the structure of silica glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 124: 1-21.

Marians, C.S. and Hobbs, L.W. (1990) Local structure of silica glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 119: 269-282.

Young-nian, X. and Ching, W.Y. (1991) Electronic and optical properties of all polymorphic forms of silicon dioxide. Physical review: B44: 11048-11059.

Leko, V.K. (1993) The structure of vitreous silica. Glass Phys. Chem.: 19: 351-374.

Wright, A.C. (1994) Neutron scatterng from vitreous silica. V. The structure of vitreous silica: what have we learned from 60 years of diffraction studies? Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 179: 84-115.

Li, D., Bancroft, G.M., Kasrai, M., Fleet, M.E., Secco, R.A., Feng,X.H., Tan, K.H., and Yang, B.X. (1994): X-ray absorption spectroscopy of silicon dioxide (SiO2) polymorphs: the structural characterization of opal. American Mineralogist: 79: 622-632.

Di Pomponio, A., Continenza, Lozzi, A.A., Passacantando, L., Santucci, M., and Picozzi, P. (1995) Electronic properties of crystalline and amorphous SiO2 investigated via all-electron calculations and photoemission spectroscopy. Solid State Communications: 95: 313-317.

LeBail, A. (1995) Modelling the silica glass structure by the Rietveld method. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 183: 39-42.

Gaskell, P.H. and Wallis, D.J. (1996) Medum-range order in silica, the canonical network glass. Phys. Rev. Lett.: 76: 66-69.

MAuri, F., Pasquarello, A., Pfrommr, BG., Yoon, Y.-G., and Louie, S.G. (2000) Si-O-Si bond-angle distribution in vitreous silica from first principles 29Si NMR analysis. Phys. Rev.: B62: R4786-R4789.

Nakamura, M., Arai, M., Otomo, T., Inamura, Y., and Bennington, S.M. (2001) Dispersive excitation in different forms of SiO2 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: 293-295: 377-382.

Nakamura, M., Arai, M., Inamura, Y., and Otomo, T. (2003) Dynamical properties of vitreous silica around the first sharp diffraction peak. Phys. Rev.: B67: 064204.

Clark, T.M., Grandinetti, P.J., Florian, P., and Stebbins, J.F. (2004) Correlated structural distributions in silica glass. Phys. Rev.: B70: 064202.

Tucker, M.G., Keen, D.A., Dove, M.T., and Trachenko, K. (2005) Refinement of the Si-O-Si angle distribution in vitreous silica. Journal Phys. Condens. Matter: 17: S67-S75.

Uchino, T., Harrop, J.D., Taraskin, S.N., and Elliott, S.R. (2005) Real and reciprocal space structural correlations contributing to the first sharp diffraction peak in silica glass. Phys. Rev.: B71: 014202.

Mustoe, George E. (2023) Silicification of Wood: An Overview. Minerals, 13 (2) 206 doi:10.3390/min13020206

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