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Alkali Feldspar

A group of related mineral species

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Albite

Lohning quarry, Rauris, Zell am See District, Salzburg, Austria

Amazonite

Pikes Peak, El Paso County, Colorado, USA

Sanidine

Tre Croci, Vetralla, Viterbo Province, Lazio, Italy

Albite

Lohning quarry, Rauris, Zell am See District, Salzburg, Austria

Amazonite

Pikes Peak, El Paso County, Colorado, USA

Sanidine

Tre Croci, Vetralla, Viterbo Province, Lazio, Italy

Albite

Lohning quarry, Rauris, Zell am See District, Salzburg, Austria

Amazonite

Pikes Peak, El Paso County, Colorado, USA

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About Alkali FeldsparHide

Member of:

Feldspar Group

A subgroup of the Feldspar Group, poor in calcium, and mostly rich in potassium. It is mostly used in petrology for the high temperature series from sanidine to high albite; the series is incomplete at low temperature, but normal albite, orthoclase and microcline are generally still included as alkali feldspars.
Some workers (eg the Strunz classification) include barium feldspars (celsian and hyalophane), the ammonium feldspar buddingtonite and the rubidium feldspar rubicline, as alkali feldspars.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

118

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:118:4

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Afs	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Afs	Kretz (1983)	Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
Afs	Siivolam & Schmid (2007)	Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
Afs	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371

Age distributionHide

Recorded ages:

Phanerozoic : 429 ± 4 Ma to 0.380 ± 0.007 Ma - based on 12 recorded ages.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0000887	Hyalophane	Viswanathan K, Kielhorn H M (1983) Al,Si distribution in a ternary (Ba,K,Na)-feldspar as determined by crystal structure refinement Celsian-rich American Mineralogist 68 122-124	1983	Yugoslavia	0	293
0009608	Hyalophane	De Pieri R, Quareni S, Hall K M (1977) Refinement of the structures of low and high hyalophanes Acta Crystallographica B33 3073-3076	1977		0	293
0009609	Hyalophane	De Pieri R, Quareni S, Hall K M (1977) Refinement of the structures of low and high hyalophanes Acta Crystallographica B33 3073-3076	1977		0	293
0000194	Microcline	Bailey S W (1969) Refinement of an intermediate microcline structure American Mineralogist 54 1540-1545	1969		0	293
0000714	Microcline	Ribbe P H (1979) The structure of a strained intermediate microcline in cryptoperthitic association with twinned plagioclase feldspar American Mineralogist 64 402-408	1979	Kongnat syenite, SW Greenland	0	293
0000962	Microcline	Griffen D T, Johnson B T (1984) Strain in triclinic alkali feldspars: a crystal structure study intermediate American Mineralogist 69 1072-1077	1984		0	293
0005216	Microcline	Blasi A, De Pol Blasi C, Zanazzi P F (1987) A re-examination of the Pellotsalo microcline: Mineralogical implications and genetic considerations The Canadian Mineralogist 25 527-537	1987		0	293
0006649	Microcline	Allan D R, Angel R J (1997) A high-pressure structural study of microcline (KAlSi3O8) to 7 GPa European Journal of Mineralogy 9 263-275	1997		0	293
0006650	Microcline	Allan D R, Angel R J (1997) A high-pressure structural study of microcline (KAlSi3O8) to 7 GPa European Journal of Mineralogy 9 263-275	1997		1.4	293
0006651	Microcline	Allan D R, Angel R J (1997) A high-pressure structural study of microcline (KAlSi3O8) to 7 GPa European Journal of Mineralogy 9 263-275	1997		2.9	293
0006652	Microcline	Allan D R, Angel R J (1997) A high-pressure structural study of microcline (KAlSi3O8) to 7 GPa European Journal of Mineralogy 9 263-275	1997		4.4	293
0006653	Microcline	Allan D R, Angel R J (1997) A high-pressure structural study of microcline (KAlSi3O8) to 7 GPa European Journal of Mineralogy 9 263-275	1997		6.2	293
0006654	Microcline	Allan D R, Angel R J (1997) A high-pressure structural study of microcline (KAlSi3O8) to 7 GPa European Journal of Mineralogy 9 263-275	1997		7.1	293
0020534	Microcline	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0020535	Microcline	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0020536	Microcline	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0020537	Microcline	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0020538	Microcline	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0020539	Microcline	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0019651	Orthoclase	Viswanathan K, Kielhorn H M (1983) Al,Si distribution in a ternary (Ba,K,Na)-feldspar as determined by crystal structure refinement American Mineralogist 68 122-124	1983	Yugoslavia	0	293
0000166	Orthoclase	Colville A A, Ribbe P H (1968) The crystal structure of an adularia and a refinement of the structure of orthoclase American Mineralogist 53 25-37	1968	St. Gotthard, Switzerland, known as Spencer B, variety adularia	0	293
0000167	Orthoclase	Colville A A, Ribbe P H (1968) The crystal structure of an adularia and a refinement of the structure of orthoclase American Mineralogist 53 25-37	1968	St. Gotthard, Switzerland, known as Spencer C	0	293
0000313	Orthoclase	Phillips M W, Ribbe P H (1973) The structures of monoclinic potassium-rich feldspars American Mineralogist 58 263-270	1973	St. Gotthard, Switzerland	0	293
0000320	Orthoclase	Prince E, Donnay G, Martin R F (1973) Neutron diffraction refinement of an ordered orthoclase structure American Mineralogist 58 500-507	1973	Himalaya mine, California, USA	0	293
0020509	Orthoclase	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Unknown	0	293
0020540	Orthoclase	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Unknown	0	293
0020541	Orthoclase	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Unknown	0	293
0020542	Orthoclase	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Unknown	0	293
0020543	Orthoclase	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Unknown	0	600
0020544	Orthoclase	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Unknown	0	900
0020545	Orthoclase	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Unknown	0	1075
0007928	Orthoclase	Tseng H-Y, Heaney P J, Onstott T C (1995) Characterization of lattice strain induced by neutron irradiation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 399-405	1995		0	293
0007929	Orthoclase	Tseng H-Y, Heaney P J, Onstott T C (1995) Characterization of lattice strain induced by neutron irradiation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 399-405	1995		0	293
0007930	Orthoclase	Tseng H-Y, Heaney P J, Onstott T C (1995) Characterization of lattice strain induced by neutron irradiation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 399-405	1995		0	293
0020547	Orthoclase	Jones J B, Taylor W H (1961) The structure of orthoclase Acta Crystallographica 14 443-456	1961	Mogok, Upper Burma	0	293
0020550	Orthoclase	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0020551	Orthoclase	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0020552	Orthoclase	Dal Negro A, De Pieri R, Quareni S (1978) The crystal structures of nine K feldspars from the Adamello Massif (Northern Italy) Acta Crystallographica B34 2699-2707	1978	Adamello Massif, Northern Italy	0	293
0020553	Orthoclase	Fenn P M, Brown G E (1977) Crystal structure of a synthetic, compositionally intermediate, hypersolvus alkali feldspar: evidence for Na, K site ordering Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 145 124-145	1977	Synthetic	0	293
0020546	Orthoclase	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	293
0018075	Orthoclase	Chao S, Hargreaves A, Taylor W (1940) The structure of orthoclase. _cod_database_code 1011205 Mineralogical Magazine 25 498-512	1940		0	293
0020548	Orthoclase	Kimata M, Saito S, Shimizu M, Iida I, Matsui T (1996) Low-temperature structures of orthoclase and sanidine Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 171 199-213	1996	Itrongay, Madagascar	0	121
0020549	Orthoclase	Kimata M, Saito S, Shimizu M, Iida I, Matsui T (1996) Low-temperature structures of orthoclase and sanidine Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 171 199-213	1996	Itrongay, Madagascar	0	293
0000781	Sanidine	Viswanathan K, Brandt K (1980) The crystal structure of ternary (Ba,K,Na)-feldspar and its significance American Mineralogist 65 472-476	1980	Otjosondu, Namibia	0	293
0020567	Sanidine	Deubener J, Sternitzke M, Mueller G (1991) Feldspars MAlSi3O8 (M=H,Li,Ag) synthesized by low-temperature ion exchange American Mineralogist 76 1620-1627	1991	Volkesfeld, Eifel, Germany	0	293
0000312	Sanidine	Phillips M W, Ribbe P H (1973) The structures of monoclinic potassium-rich feldspars American Mineralogist 58 263-270	1973	Laacher See, Eifel District, Germany	0	293
0000695	Sanidine	Keefer K D, Brown G E (1978) Crystal structure and composition of sanidine and high albite in cryptoperthitic intergrowth Note this sample of feldspar is from the Rabb Canyon pegmatite, Grant County, New Mexico, USA American Mineralogist 63 1264-1273	1978		0	293
0001125	Sanidine	Scambos T A, Smyth J R, McCormick T C (1987) Crystal-structure refinement of high sanidine from the upper mantle American Mineralogist 72 973-978	1987		0	293
0005270	Sanidine	Ferguson R B, Ball N A, Cerny P (1991) Structure refinement of an adularian end-member high sanidine from the Buck Claim Pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba The Canadian Mineralogist 29 543-552	1991	Buck Claim Pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada	0	293
0005271	Sanidine	Ferguson R B, Ball N A, Cerny P (1991) Structure refinement of an adularian end-member high sanidine from the Buck Claim Pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba The Canadian Mineralogist 29 543-552	1991	Buck Claim Pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada	0	293
0005272	Sanidine	Ferguson R B, Ball N A, Cerny P (1991) Structure refinement of an adularian end-member high sanidine from the Buck Claim Pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba The Canadian Mineralogist 29 543-552	1991	Buck Claim Pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada	0	293
0005273	Sanidine	Ferguson R B, Ball N A, Cerny P (1991) Structure refinement of an adularian end-member high sanidine from the Buck Claim Pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba The Canadian Mineralogist 29 543-552	1991	Buck Claim Pegmatite, Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada	0	293
0006421	Sanidine	Kroll H, Flogel J, Breit U, Lons J, Pentinghaus H (1991) Order and anti-order in Ge-substituted alkali feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 3 739-749	1991		0	293
0006587	Sanidine	Kimata M, Saito S, Shimizu M (1995) Structure of sanidine-type KGaSi3O8: Tetrahedral-site disordering in potassium feldspar European Journal of Mineralogy 7 287-293	1995		0	293
0006610	Sanidine	Kimata M, Shimizu M, Saito S (1996) High-temperature crystal structure of sanidine Part II. The crystal structure of sanidine at 935 C European Journal of Mineralogy 8 15-24	1996		0	293
0006611	Sanidine	Kimata M, Shimizu M, Saito S (1996) High-temperature crystal structure of sanidine Part II. The crystal structure of sanidine at 935 C European Journal of Mineralogy 8 15-24	1996		0	293
0007255	Sanidine	Menna M, Tribaudino M, Renzulli A (2008) Al-Si order and spinodal decomposition texture of sanidine from igneous clasts of Stromboli (southern Italy): insights into the timing between the emplacement of a shallow basic sheet intrusion and the eruption of related ejecta European Journal of Mineralogy 20 183-190	2008	Stromboli volcano, southern Italy	0	293
0020508	Sanidine	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Unknown	0	293
0020554	Sanidine	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Synthetic	0	293
0020555	Sanidine	Angel R J, Ross N L, Zhao J, Sochalski-Kolbus L, Kruger H, Schmidt B C (2013) Structural controls on the anisotropy of tetrahedral frameworks: the example of monoclinic feldspars European Journal of Mineralogy 25 597-614	2013	Synthetic	0	293
0020563	Sanidine	Ribbe P H (1963) A refinement of the crystal structure of sanidinised orthoclase Acta Crystallographica 16 426-427	1963	Unknown	0	293
0018087	Sanidine	Taylor W (1933) The structure of sanidine and other feldspars 2.56 _cod_database_code 1011224 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 85 425-442	1933		0	293
0018062	Sanidine	Taylor W (1934) The structure of sanidine and other felspars _cod_database_code 1011187 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 87 464-481	1934		0	293
0010740	Sanidine	Weitz G (1972) Die struktur des saninins bei verschiedenen ordnungsgraden Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 418-426	1972	Volkesfeld, Eifel	0	293
0010741	Sanidine	Weitz G (1972) Die struktur des saninins bei verschiedenen ordnungsgraden Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 418-426	1972	Volkesfeld, Eifel	0	293
0020564	Sanidine	Ohashi Y, Finger LW (1974) Refinement of the crystal structure of sanidine at 25 and 400C Carnegie Institution of Washington: Yearbook 73 539-544	1974	Laacher See, Eifel District, Germany	0	298
0020565	Sanidine	Ohashi Y, Finger LW (1974) Refinement of the crystal structure of sanidine at 25 and 400C Carnegie Institution of Washington: Yearbook 73 539-544	1974	Laacher See, Eifel District, Germany	0	673
0020566	Sanidine	Ohashi Y, Finger LW (1975) An effect of temperature on the feldspar structure: crystal structure of sanidine at 800C Carnegie Institution of Washington: Yearbook 74 569-572	1975	Laacher See, Eifel District, Germany	0	1073
0020570	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	293
0020571	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	293
0020572	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	293
0020573	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	923
0020574	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	1023
0020575	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	1123
0020576	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	1123
0020577	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	1323
0020578	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	1223
0020579	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	1223
0020580	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	1323
0020581	Sanidine	Gering E (1985) Silizium/Aluminium-Ordnung und Kristallperfektion von Sanidinen Dissertation Kernforshungszentrum Karlsruhe 1 1-97	1985	Madagascar	0	1323
0012862	Sanidine	Gualtieri A F (2000) Accuracy of XRPD QPA using the combined Rietveld-RIR method Journal of Applied Crystallography 33 267-278	2000	Latera, Viterbo, Italy	0	293
0020560	Sanidine	Kimata M, Saito S, Shimizu M, Iida I, Matsui T (1996) Low-temperature structures of orthoclase and sanidine Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 171 199-213	1996	Volkesfeld, Eifel, Germany	0	121
0020561	Sanidine	Kimata M, Saito S, Shimizu M, Iida I, Matsui T (1996) Low-temperature structures of orthoclase and sanidine Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 171 199-213	1996	Volkesfeld, Eifel, Germany	0	293
0020562	Sanidine	Onorato E, Penta M, Sgarlata F (1963) Struttura del Sanidino Periodico di Mineralogia 32 1-34	1963	Alban Hills, Rome Province, Latium, Italy	0	293
0020557	Sanidine	Ackermann S, Kunz M, Armbruster T, Schefer J, Hanni H (2004) Cation distribution in a Fe-bearing K-feldspar from Itrongay, Madagascar: A combined neutron- and X-ray single-crystal diffraction study Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 84 345-354	2004	Itrongay, Madagascar	0	293
0020558	Sanidine	Ackermann S, Kunz M, Armbruster T, Schefer J, Hanni H (2004) Cation distribution in a Fe-bearing K-feldspar from Itrongay, Madagascar: A combined neutron- and X-ray single-crystal diffraction study Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 84 345-354	2004	Itrongay, Madagascar	0	293
0020559	Sanidine	Ackermann S, Kunz M, Armbruster T, Schefer J, Hanni H (2004) Cation distribution in a Fe-bearing K-feldspar from Itrongay, Madagascar: A combined neutron- and X-ray single-crystal diffraction study Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 84 345-354	2004	Itrongay, Madagascar	0	293
0020556	Sanidine	Brown G E, Hamilton W C, Prewitt C T, Sueno S (1974) Neutron diffraction study of Al/Si ordering in sanidine: a comparison with X-ray diffraction data The Feldspars: Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute 68-80	1974	Laacher See, Eifel District, Germany	0	293
0020568	Sanidine	Marcille I M, Organova N I, Rozhdestvenskaya I V (1993) Verification of the crystalline structure for sanidines Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 2 85-89	1993	Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia	0	293
0020569	Sanidine	Marsii I M, Organova N I, Rozhdestvenskaya I V (1993) Verification of the crystalline structure for sanidines Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 2 85-89	1993	Mongolia	0	293
0009393	Rubicline	Gasperin M (1971) Structure cristalline de RbAlSi3O8 _cod_database_code 1001771 Acta Crystallographica B27 854-855	1971		0	293
0014559	Rubicline	Kyono A, Kimata M (2001) Refinement of the crystal structure of a synthetic non-stoichiometric Rb-feldspar Mineralogical Magazine 65 523-531	2001	synthetic	0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Hyalophane'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Viswanathan K'
'Kielhorn H M'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 68 
_journal_year 1983
_journal_page_first 122
_journal_page_last 124
_publ_section_title
;
 Al,Si distribution in a ternary (Ba,K,Na)-feldspar as determined by crystal
 structure refinement
 Celsian-rich
;
_database_code_amcsd 0000887
_chemical_compound_source 'Yugoslavia'
_chemical_formula_sum '(Al1.41 Si2.59) (Ba.4 K.47 Na.13) O8'
_cell_length_a 8.544
_cell_length_b 13.030
_cell_length_c 7.195
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 115.68
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 721.890
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      2.899
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'C 1 2/m 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2+y,z'
  'x,-y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,z'
  '-x,y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
Al1   0.00890   0.18350   0.22420   0.43700
Si1   0.00890   0.18350   0.22420   0.56300
Al2   0.70500   0.11790   0.34540   0.26800
Si2   0.70500   0.11790   0.34540   0.73200
Ba   0.28280   0.00000   0.13310   0.40000
K   0.28280   0.00000   0.13310   0.47000
Na   0.28280   0.00000   0.13310   0.13000
Oa1   0.00000   0.14280   0.00000   1.00000
Oa2   0.62640   0.00000   0.28670   1.00000
Ob   0.82730   0.14150   0.22740   1.00000
Oc   0.03030   0.31040   0.25580   1.00000
Od   0.18420   0.12610   0.40300   1.00000
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Al1 0.00390 0.00110 0.00290 -0.00040 0.00240 -0.00020
Si1 0.00390 0.00110 0.00290 -0.00040 0.00240 -0.00020
Al2 0.00350 0.00080 0.00360 -0.00010 0.00210 0.00000
Si2 0.00350 0.00080 0.00360 -0.00010 0.00210 0.00000
Ba 0.00480 0.00240 0.00840 0.00000 0.00270 0.00000
K 0.00480 0.00240 0.00840 0.00000 0.00270 0.00000
Na 0.00480 0.00240 0.00840 0.00000 0.00270 0.00000
Oa1 0.00780 0.00170 0.00640 0.00000 0.00480 0.00000
Oa2 0.00610 0.00080 0.00880 0.00000 0.00220 0.00000
Ob 0.00690 0.00260 0.00910 -0.00070 0.00530 0.00020
Oc 0.00640 0.00150 0.00880 -0.00050 0.00410 -0.00040
Od 0.00390 0.00110 0.00290 -0.00040 0.00240 -0.00020

Other Language Names for Alkali FeldsparHide

Norwegian:Alkalifeltspat
Kalinatronfeltspat

Relationship of Alkali Feldspar to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Feldspar Group

Other Members of Feldspar Group:

Buddingtonite	(NH₄)(AlSi₃O₈)	Mon. 2 : P2₁
Celsian	Ba(Al₂Si₂O₈)	Mon. 2/m
Filatovite	K(Al,Zn)₂(As,Si)₂O₈	Mon. 2/m
Hexacelsian	BaAl₂Si₂O₈	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mcm
Kokchetavite	K(AlSi₃O₈)	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mcc
Kumdykolite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
Paracelsian	Ba(Al₂Si₂O₈)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Reedmergnerite	NaBSi₃O₈	Tric. 1 : P1
Slawsonite	Sr(Al₂Si₂O₈)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
Svyatoslavite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)	Mon. 2 : P2₁
Unnamed (New Ordered Member of the Alkali Feldspar Series)	KNa(Si₆Al₂)O₁₆	Mon. m

Alkali Feldspar Members:

Anorthoclase	(Na,K)AlSi₃O₈	Tric.
Ferrisanidine	K[Fe³⁺Si₃O₈]	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
K Feldspar
Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)	Tric. 1
Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Rubicline	Rb(AlSi₃O₈)	Mon. 2/m : B2/m

Structurally related to group(s):

Plagioclase

(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Chemically related to group(s):

Plagioclase

(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Alkali Feldspar in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for Alkali FeldsparHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-118.html
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References for Alkali FeldsparHide

Reference List:

Van Goethem, L. (2025) Alkaliveldspaat determineren met behulp van de rode Fe3+ fluorescentie. Geonieuws: 50(6): 133-139 (in Dutch).

Smith, J.V., MacKenzie, W.S. (1958) Alkali feldspars. IV. The cooling history of high-temperature sodium-rich feldspars. American Mineralogist: 43: 872-889.

Yund, R.A. (1974) Coherent exsolution in the alkali feldspars. In A.W. Hofmann, B.J. Giletti, H.S. Yoder, Jr., R.A. Yund, Eds., Geochemical Transport and Kinetics. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication 634: 173-183.

Yund, R.A., Tullis, J. (1983) Subsolidus phase relations in the alkali feldspars with emphasis on coherent phases. In P.H. Ribbe, Ed., Feldspar Mineralogy, 2: 141-176. Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.

Yund, R.A. (1984) Alkali feldspar exsolution: kinetics and dependence on alkali interdiffusion. In: Feldspars and Feldspathoids: Structure, Properties and Occurrences (W.L. Brown, ed.) NATO Adv. Study Inst. Ser. C 137. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands (281-315).

Fleet, M.E. (1986) Lattice theory and transformation twinning in alkali feldspar. Canadian Mineralogist: 24: 615-623.

Su, Shu-Chun, Ribbe, P.H., Bloss, F.D. (1986) Alkali feldspars: structural state determined from composition and optic axial angle 2V. American Mineralogist: 71: 1285-1296.

Hovis, G.L. (1988) Enthalpies and volumes related to K-Na mixing and Al-Si order/disorder in alkali feldspars. Journal of Petrology: 29: 731-763.

Parsons, I., Rex, D.C., Guise, P., Halliday, A.N. (1988) Argon-loss by alkali feldspars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 52: 1097-1112.

Worden, R.H., Walker, F.D.L., Parsons, I., Brown, W.L. (1990) Development of microporosity, diffusion channels and deuteric coarsening in perthitic alkali feldspars. Contributions to Mineralogy and petrology: 104: 507-515.

Evangelakakis, C., Kroll, H., Voll, G., Wenk, H.-R., Meisheng, H., Kopcke, J. (1993) Low-temperature coherent exsolution in alkali feldspars fro high-grade metamorphic rocks of Sri Lanka. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 114: 519-532.

Waldron, K.A., Lee, M.R., Parsons, I. (1994) The microstructure of perthitic alkali feldspars revealed by hydrofluoric acid etching. Contributions to Mineralogy and petrology: 116: 360-364.

Lee, M.R., Parsons, I. (1995) Microtextural controls of weathering of perthitic alkali feldspars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 59: 4465-4488.

Walker, F.D.L., Lee, M.R., Parsons, I. (1995) Micropores and micropermeable texture in alkali feldspars: geochemical and geophysical implications. Mineralogical Magazine: 59: 505-534.

Kontak, D.J., Martin, R.F., Richard, L. (1996) Patterns in phosphorus enrichment in alkali feldspar, South Mountain batholith, Nova Scotia, Canada. European Journal of Mineralogy: 8: 805-824.

Lee, M.R., Parsons, I. (1997) Compositional and microtextural zoning in alkali feldspars from the Shap granite and its geochemical implications. Journal of the Geological Society of London: 154: 183-188.

Lee, M.R., Parsons, I. (1997) Dislocation formation and albitization in alkali feldspars from the Shap granite. American Mineralogist: 82: 557-570.

Lee, M.R., Hodson, M.E., Parsons, I. (1998) The role of intragranular microtextures and microstructures in chemical and mechanical weathering: direct comparison of experimentally and naturally weathered alkali feldspars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 62: 2771-2788.

Visocekas, R., Zink, A. (1999) Use of the far infrared TL emission band of alkali feldspars for dosimetry and dating. Quaternary Sci. Rev.: 18: 271-278.

Parsons, I., Brown, W.L., Smith, J.V. (1999) 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology using alkali feldspars: real thermal history or mathematical mirage of microtexture Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 136: 92-110.

Breiter, K., Frýda, J., Leichmann, J. (2002) Phosphorus and rubidium in alkali feldspars: case studies and possible genetic interpretation. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 77(2): 93–104.

Parsons, I., Thompson, P., Lee, M.R., Cayzer, N. (2005) Alkali feldspar microtextures as provenance indicators in siliciclastic rocks and their role in feldspar dissolution during transport and diagenesis. Journal of Sedimentary Research: 75: 921-942.

Fitz Gerald, J.D., Parsons, I., Cayzer, N. (2006) Nanotunnels and pull-aparts: defects of exsolution lamellae in alkali feldspars. American Mineralogist: 91: 772-783.

Significant localities for Alkali FeldsparHide

Showing 55 significant localities out of 22,079 recorded on mindat.org.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Afghanistan
Badakhshan Kuran wa Munjan District Sar-e-Sang Sar-e-Sang River ⓘ Pitwak Mine	[Orthoclase] RWMW Collection

Antarctica
Eastern Antarctica Victoria Land Ross Archipelago Ross Island ⓘ Mount Erebus	[Albite var: Anorthoclase] Dov Bahat (1979) +2 other references

Austria
Carinthia Wolfsberg District Wolfsberg Bad Weißenbach ⓘ Oberleidenberg	[Orthoclase] Niedermayr et al. (1995)
Lower Austria Zwettl District Waldhausen ⓘ Werschenschlag	[Microcline] Exel (1993)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Central Bosnia Canton Busovača Zagradski Creek ⓘ Zagradski Potok Mine	[Microcline var: Hyalophane] Jurkoviae et al. (1993)

Canada
British Columbia Osoyoos Mining Division Penticton ⓘ Shingle Creek	[Sanidine] Dave Joyce personal collection
Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue La Vallée-de-l'Or RCM Réservoir-Dozois ⓘ Cabonga Reservoir	[Orthoclase] Age of the Cabonga nepheline syenite +5 other references

Ethiopia
Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples' Region ⓘ Konso	[Microcline var: Amazonite] Kaiser (2006)

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Loire Montbrison Essertines-en-Châtelneuf ⓘ Gonnard's pegmatite	[Microcline] F. Gonnard (1906)
Brittany Côtes-d'Armor Dinan Saint-Jacut-de-la-Mer ⓘ La Loge Island	[Microcline] Pierrot et al. (1975)

Germany
North Rhine-Westphalia Cologne Rhein-Sieg-Kreis Königswinter ⓘ Drachenfels	[Sanidine] Nose (1808) +1 other reference

Italy
Piedmont Metropolitan City of Turin Villar Focchiardo ⓘ Monte Muretto	[K Feldspar var: Adularia] Barresi (1996) +1 other reference
Sicily Trapani Province ⓘ Pantelleria Island	[Albite var: Anorthoclase] [Foerstner] Förstner H. (1877) +18 other references
Tuscany Livorno Province Campo nell'Elba ⓘ San Piero in Campo	[Rubicline] Teertstra et al. (1998)
ⓘ Fonte del Prete	[Orthoclase] Barsotti et al. (2006)
ⓘ Grotta d'Oggi	[Orthoclase] Barsotti et al. (2006)
Sant'Ilario in Campo ⓘ Gorgolinato	[Orthoclase]

Japan
Nagano Prefecture Minamisaku District Kawakami-mura ⓘ Kobushi mine (Koubushi mine)	[K Feldspar var: Adularia] Petrov (n.d.)

Madagascar
Anosy Betroka District Mahasoa Est ⓘ Itrongay (Itrongahy)	[Sanidine] www.mindat.org (n.d.) +1 other reference

Mexico
Guanajuato Guanajuato Municipality Guanajuato ⓘ Valenciana Mine	[K Feldspar var: Adularia] dan weinrich +1 other reference

Namibia
Erongo Region Dâures Constituency Brandberg Area Messum Igneous Complex ⓘ Messum Crater	[Microcline] von Bezing (2007)

Norway
Agder ⓘ Arendal	[Microcline] Breithaupt (1830)
Evje og Hornnes Landsverk ⓘ Landsverk 1 Feldspar Quarry (Jokeli)	[Microcline var: Amazonite] Neumann et al. (1960) +2 other references
Vestfold Larvik Commune ⓘ Stavern (Fredriksvärn)	[Microcline] Breithaupt (1830) +1 other reference

Russia
Kamchatka Krai Milkovsky District Tolbachik Volcanic field Great Fissure eruption (Main Fracture) Northern Breakthrough (North Breach) Second scoria cone ⓘ Arsenatnaya fumarole	[Ferrisanidine] Sidorov (2019) +1 other reference
Murmansk Oblast Lovozersky District Keivy Mountains Western Keivy Massif Serpovidnyi Ridge ⓘ Vein No. 1	[Microcline var: Amazonite] Lunts et al. (1972)

Switzerland
Grisons Surselva Region Tujetsch ⓘ Val Giuv	[K Feldspar var: Adularia] Jahn (2004)
Ticino Vallemaggia Cevio Bavona Valley Robièi (Alpe di Robièi; Lake Robièi area) Cavagnöö Glacier (Cavagnoli Glacier; Cavagnöö area; Cavagnoli area) ⓘ Pizzo dell'Arzo	[K Feldspar var: Adularia] Toroni (1987) +1 other reference
Valais Goms Binn Fäld ⓘ Lengenbach Quarry	[Microcline var: Hyalophane] American Mineralogist 68 (1983) +2 other references

USA
Colorado Park County Tarryall ⓘ Park County claims	[Microcline var: Amazonite] Fabre (n.d.)
Teller County Crystal Peak ⓘ Smoky Hawk claim	[Microcline var: Amazonite] Specimen from Joe Dorris collection ... +2 other references
Connecticut Fairfield County Bethel ⓘ Biermann Quarries (Bethel quarries; Codfish Hill Quarry)	[K Feldspar var: Adularia] Moritz (n.d.)
Hartford County New Britain ⓘ State Route 9 - Ellis Street and State Route 72 interchanges (State Route 72 roadcut)	[K Feldspar var: Adularia] Miller (circa 1986)
Litchfield County Morris ⓘ Morris Dam Quarry (East Morris Dam)	[Microcline] W.C. van Laer: field notes +1 other reference
Thomaston ⓘ Reynolds Bridge	[Microcline] Januzzi et al. (1976)
Middlesex County East Hampton (Chatham) Airline Railroad ⓘ Linkpot cut	[Microcline] Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +3 other references
Haddam ⓘ Arnold Quarry	[Microcline] Williams (circa 1945) +2 other references
Haddam Neck ⓘ Gillette Quarry (J-J Mine; Haddam Neck Quarry)	[Microcline] Davis (1901) +4 other references
ⓘ Quarry Hill (Brainerd Quarries; Shailor Quarries)	[Microcline] Moritz (n.d.)
ⓘ Hewitt Gem Quarry (Herb's Gem Quarry; Sawmill Quarry)	[Microcline var: Amazonite] Weber et al. (1995)
ⓘ Jail Hill Road locality (Jail Hill Quarry)	[Microcline var: Hyalophane] Schooner (circa 1980s)
Idaho Boise County ⓘ Sawtooth Wilderness Area (Sawtooth Primitive Area)	[Microcline] Ted Johnson collection
Maine Oxford County Albany ⓘ Albany Rose Quarry	[Microcline] Barry Heath and Frank Perham +1 other reference
Massachusetts Essex County Gloucester ⓘ Blackburn Circle locality	[Microcline var: Amazonite] P Cristofono collection
Montana Flathead County Hog Heaven Mining District (Flathead Mining District) Kofford Ridge ⓘ Flathead Mine (Hog Heaven Project)	[Sanidine] Ray Lasmanis +1 other reference
New Jersey Sussex County Franklin Franklin Mine ⓘ Buckwheat pit	[Microcline] Peters et al. (1983) +1 other reference
ⓘ Trotter Mine	[Microcline] Palache (1935) +1 other reference
Ogdensburg Sterling Hill ⓘ Passaic pit (Marshall Mine; Passaic Mine)	[Microcline] Palache (1935) +1 other reference
New York Westchester County Mount Pleasant ⓘ Valhalla	[Microcline var: Amazonite] Manchester (1931)
Pennsylvania Delaware County Middletown Township ⓘ Sharpless' Quarry (Sharpless Quarry)	[Microcline] Gordon (1922)
Texas Llano County Kingsland Granite Company Quarry (Petrick Quarry) ⓘ Petrick pegmatite	[Microcline] Self-collected by Franklin Roberts. +1 other reference

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