Petzite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Petzite
Formula:
Ag3AuTe2
Colour:
Lead-gray to black
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
8.7 - 9.4
Crystal System:
Isometric
Name:
Named in 1845 by Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger in honor of Karl Wilhelm Petz [1811-1873], a Hungarian pharmacist, chemist and mineral collector.
Type Locality:
This page provides mineralogical data about Petzite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3180
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3180:2
IMA Classification of Petzite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Petzite
2.BA.75
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2.4.3.3
2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
3.3.7
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
3 : Sulphides etc. of Au
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
3 : Sulphides etc. of Au
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ptz | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Petzite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Petzite
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Lead-gray to black
Comment:
Commonly tarnished from bronze-yellow to sooty black; sometimes iridescent.
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN10=48 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
on {001}
on {001}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
8.7 - 9.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 8.74 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Petzite
Anisotropism:
Anisotropism is noticeable in part
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 (%) |
---|---|
400nm | 45.0% |
420nm | 43.7% |
440nm | 42.4% |
460nm | 41.4% |
480nm | 40.6% |
500nm | 39.9% |
520nm | 39.3% |
540nm | 38.8% |
560nm | 38.5% |
580nm | 38.3% |
600nm | 38.2% |
620nm | 38.1% |
640nm | 38.0% |
660nm | 37.8% |
680nm | 37.8% |
700nm | 37.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 45.0%.
Colour in reflected light:
greyish white with a pale bluish tint. Pale gray lilac, with a light-pinkish hue (Ramdohr).
Chemistry of Petzite
Mindat Formula:
Ag3AuTe2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Hg,Cu
Crystallography of Petzite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
4 3 2 - Gyroidal
Space Group:
I41 3 2
Setting:
I41 3 2
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.385(4) Å
Unit Cell V:
1,120.00 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Massive, fine granular to compact and as irregular shaped blebs, to 2 mm. Distinct crystals rare.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000087 | Petzite | Frueh A J (1959) The crystallography of petzite, Ag3AuTe2 American Mineralogist 44 693-701 | ![]() | 1959 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
7.31 Å | (50) |
3.66 Å | (30) |
3.27 Å | (10) |
2.99 Å | (30) |
2.77 Å | (100) |
2.59 Å | (20) |
2.44 Å | (60) |
2.32 Å | (60) |
2.21 Å | (10) |
2.12 Å | (80) |
2.03 Å | (70) |
1.89 Å | (50) |
1.835 Å | (30) |
1.683 Å | (10) |
1.565 Å | (20) |
1.532 Å | (20) |
1.499 Å | (20) |
1.469 Å | (20) |
1.440 Å | (20) |
1.403 Å | (30) |
1.316 Å | (50) |
1.296 Å | (30) |
1.276 Å | (30) |
1.205 Å | (30) |
1.175 Å | (30) |
1.146 Å | (10) |
1.132 Å | (20) |
1.119 Å | (20) |
1.106 Å | (20) |
1.093 Å | (20) |
1.070 Å | (30) |
1.048 Å | (20) |
1.008 Å | (10) |
0.990 Å | (40) |
Comments:
Botes, Romania. ICDD 12-424. See also Red Jacket mine, Wallow Mts., Baker Co., Oregon, USA (ICDD 00-044-1420).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
With other tellurides in vein-controlled gold deposits.
Type Occurrence of Petzite
Synonyms of Petzite
Other Language Names for Petzite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
77 photos of Petzite associated with Native Gold | Au |
50 photos of Petzite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
35 photos of Petzite associated with Coloradoite | HgTe |
26 photos of Petzite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
26 photos of Petzite associated with Hessite | Ag2Te |
21 photos of Petzite associated with Calaverite | AuTe2 |
20 photos of Petzite associated with Sylvanite | AgAuTe4 |
19 photos of Petzite associated with Altaite | PbTe |
18 photos of Petzite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
14 photos of Petzite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.BA. | Makotoite | Ag12(Cu3Au)S8 |
2.BA. | Alburnite | Ag8GeTe2S4 |
2.BA. | Dzierżanowskite | CaCu2S2 |
2.BA. | Xuwenyuanite | Ag9Fe3+Te2S4 |
2.BA. | Orileyite | (Fe,Cu)2As |
2.BA. | Juxingite | Bi6Cu140Fe30S125 |
2.BA.05 | Djurleite | Cu31S16 |
2.BA.05 | Geerite | Cu8S5 |
2.BA.05 | Roxbyite | Cu58S32 |
2.BA.05 | Chalcocite | Cu2S |
2.BA.10 | Digenite | Cu9S5 |
2.BA.10 | Anilite | Cu7S4 |
2.BA.15 | Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
2.BA.20 | Bellidoite | Cu2Se |
2.BA.20 | Berzelianite | Cu2-xSe (x ≈ 0.12) |
2.BA.25 | Athabascaite | Cu5Se4 |
2.BA.25 | Umangite | Cu3Se2 |
2.BA.30 | Rickardite | Cu7Te5 |
2.BA.30 | Weissite | Cu2-xTe |
2.BA.35 | Acanthite | Ag2S |
2.BA.35 | Spryite | Ag8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S6 |
2.BA.40d | UM2003-13-S:AgAuCu | Ag6AuCu2S5 |
2.BA.40 | Mckinstryite | Ag5-xCu3+xS4 |
2.BA.40 | Stromeyerite | AgCuS |
2.BA.42 | Honeaite | Au3TlTe2 |
2.BA.45 | Jalpaite | Ag3CuS2 |
2.BA.45 | Selenojalpaite | Ag3CuSe2 |
2.BA.45 | Kurilite | Ag8Te3Se |
2.BA.47 | Spiridonovite | (Cu1-xAgx)2Te |
2.BA.50 | Wuyanzhiite | Cu2S |
2.BA.50 | Eucairite | AgCuSe |
2.BA.52 | Argentite | Ag2S |
2.BA.55 | Naumannite | Ag2Se |
2.BA.55 | Aguilarite | Ag4SeS |
2.BA.60 | Chenguodaite | Ag9Fe3+Te2S4 |
2.BA.60 | Hessite | Ag2Te |
2.BA.60 | Cervelleite | Ag4TeS |
2.BA.65 | Henryite | (Cu,Ag)3+xTe2 , with x ~ 0.40 |
2.BA.65 | Stützite | Ag5-xTe3, x = 0.24-0.36 |
2.BA.70 | Argyrodite | Ag8GeS6 |
2.BA.70 | Putzite | (Cu4.7Ag3.3)GeS6 |
2.BA.70 | Canfieldite | Ag8SnS6 |
2.BA.75 | Fischesserite | Ag3AuSe2 |
2.BA.75 | Uytenbogaardtite | Ag3AuS2 |
2.BA.75 | Penzhinite | (Ag,Cu)4Au(S,Se)4 |
2.BA.75 | Petrovskaite | AuAgS |
2.BA.80 | Bezsmertnovite | (Au,Ag)4Cu(Te,Pb) |
2.BA.80 | Bilibinskite | PbCu2Au3Te2 |
2.BA.80 | Bogdanovite | (Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe) |
Fluorescence of Petzite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Petzite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3180.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Petzite
Reference List:
Frueh, Alfred J. (1959) The crystallography of petzite, Ag3AuTe2. American Mineralogist, 44 (7-8). 693-701
Cabri, Louis J. (1965) Phase relations in the Au-Ag-Te systems and their mineralogical significance. Economic Geology, 60 (8) 1569-1606 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.60.8.1569
Hongu, Hidetomo, Yoshiasa, Akira, Nespolo, Massimo, Tobase, Tsubasa, Tokuda, Makoto, Sugiyama, Kazumasa (2019) Crystal structure and XANES investigation of petzite, Ag3AuTe2. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 75 (2). 273-278 doi:10.1107/s2052520619002166
Localities for Petzite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
PUTZ +1 other reference | |
PUTZ +1 other reference | |
| Brodtkorb et al. (1999) |
De Brodtkorb (2009) | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
| Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) |
| FERNANDEZ +2 other references |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +2 other references |
De Brodtkorb (2009) | |
Armenia | |
| Kovalenker et al. (1990) |
Kolpakova et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Keheyan et al. (2023) |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
| Khachaturyan (1958) +1 other reference |
Mederer et al. (2019) | |
| Kukulyan (1988) |
Australia | |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Lawrence (2000) |
| Sahlström et al. (2017) |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Fox |
| Afifi et al. (1988) |
| Xue et al. (2014) |
| Mueller (2011) |
Spencer (1903) | |
McCuiag (1997) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist (2003) +1 other reference |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Grice et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
Mueller et al. (2020) | |
Simpson (1948) | |
| Rice et al. (2016) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Nichols et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Sung et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Schreefel et al. (2025) |
| Grguric (2009) |
| Spaggiari et al. (2011) |
| Hassan et al. (2017) |
Hassan (2014) | |
Austria | |
| Melcher et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Azerbaijan | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| İsmayıl et al. (2021) |
| Mansurov et al. (2018) |
Bolivia | |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) |
Brazil | |
| Santos et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Marchev +6 other references |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) |
| Sabeva et al. (2017) |
| Bonev +4 other references |
| Georgiev (2008) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Daniel Gagnon and Marc Huot (2011) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Roberts (2017) |
| Afifi et al. (1988) |
| Robert C. Smit |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Phillips (1979) +1 other reference |
| - (2022) |
| dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) +1 other reference |
| H.A. Sandeman and H. Rafuse (2010) |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Geological Survey of Canada +1 other reference |
Dana 7:I:186. +1 other reference | |
| Ames D et al. (2014) |
| Sabina (1991) |
MDI Number: MDI52N04SW00017 | |
| GIDDINGS et al. (1987) |
| Traill (1983) |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Sabina (1991) |
| R. P Rothwell (1898) |
| Sabina (2003) |
Geological Survey of Canada +2 other references | |
Sabina (1974) | |
Sabina (1974) | |
Sabina (1974) | |
Sabina (1974) | |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Martin +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Tourigny et al. (1993) +2 other references |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
Herzog et al. (2025) | |
Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
Herzog et al. (2025) | |
Afifi et al. (1988) | |
Sabina (2003) | |
Sabina (2003) | |
| Afifi et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
Am Min (1948) +1 other reference | |
Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Edith Trybalski |
| Cabri et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| "Faja de mineralización de oro +2 other references |
HENLEY et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| I.Domeyko collection +5 other references |
Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum | |
| Crespo et al. (2018) |
China | |
| Huihuang Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) +1 other reference |
| Cui et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Yanhe Cui et al. (1994) |
| Xinhui Liu et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Yunhua Liu et al. (2011) |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Zhongxin Yuan and Ge Bai (1997) +9 other references |
Gao et al. (2015) | |
Peihua Zhang et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
Jun Lü et al. (2009) +10 other references | |
| Zhang et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
Zhang et al. (2024) | |
Wang et al. (2020) +2 other references | |
| Gao et al. (2022) |
| Gao et al. (2022) |
| Junxian Wang et al. (2011) |
| Huijuan Zhu et al. (1989) +2 other references |
| Zhigang Xin (2010) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
王鹏 et al. (2016) | |
| Vikent'ev et al. (2015, June) |
| Jian et al. (2015) +2 other references |
Fengjun Nie et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
Chang et al. (2022) | |
Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1992) | |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1999) +5 other references |
| Liu et al. (2019) |
preprint | |
Shuzhang Tian et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Han et al. (2020) |
Lin Zhang (2001) | |
Zhao et al. (1999) | |
Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Taomei Liu (1984) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) |
| Qiangzhi Li et al. (2003) |
Econ Geol (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2002) |
| Jianming Wang et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Zongyao et al. (2005) |
| Minzhi Yang (2006) |
Aixiang Sun (1996) | |
Minzhi Yang (2006) | |
| Keevil et al. (2022) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Keevil et al. (2022) |
| Lanjing Men et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Kai Zhang and Yongdong Shi (2000) |
| Xing et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| |
| Changfu Chen et al. (1999) +3 other references |
Xuefeng Yu (2001) +1 other reference | |
Deping Zhu et al. (2001) | |
| Jianwei Li et al. (2010) |
| Wenxuan Hu et al. (2005) +3 other references |
Yuehong Deng and Fu Huang (2007) | |
| Jinhui Yang et al. (2001) |
| Yuan et al. (2025) |
| Zhimin Cao (1991) |
| Zheng et al. (2020) |
Xu et al. (2024) | |
| Zhenghua Hu et al. (2012) |
| Shaohuai Wang (2006) +1 other reference |
| Minqing Cheng et al. (1993) |
| Aibai et al. (2024) |
Zhang et al. (2025) | |
Guangming Li et al. (2007) | |
| Ru et al. (2025) |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1985) +4 other references |
| Pirajno et al. (2002) |
Cuba | |
| López K Jesús M. et al. (2006) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
Djibouti | |
| Moussa et al. (2019) |
Dominican Republic | |
| Torró et al. (2018) |
Ecuador | |
| Willson Bonilla |
| Willson Bonilla |
I. Vikentyev et al. (2005) | |
Egypt | |
| Osman et al. (2002) |
Ethiopia | |
| Kabeta et al. (2024) |
| Cook et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Fiji | |
| Naden +1 other reference |
| 16th Australian Geological Convention +2 other references |
| Naden +5 other references |
Finland | |
| Geological Survey of Finland (2017) |
Eilu (2003) | |
Kojonen et al. (1996) | |
| Kojonen |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Pampalo (Ward) +1 other reference | |
| Economic Geology (1996) +1 other reference |
Georgia | |
| Ramaz Migineishvili (2005) |
Ghana | |
| Bowell et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Bowell (1992) | |
Greece | |
| Voudouris et al. (2018) |
| Vavelidis et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Voudouris et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
P. Voudouris et al. (2022) | |
Voudouris et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Voudouris +3 other references | |
Michael (2004) | |
| Voudouris et al. (2005) +2 other references |
| Grosche et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Tombros et al. (2004) +3 other references |
Guyana | |
| ... |
Gabriel Voicu (1999) | |
| Tedeschi et al. (2018) |
Hungary | |
| Takács et al. (2017) |
| Koch (1985) |
Majzlan et al. (2024) | |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
| Prendergast et al. (2005) |
Prendergast (2003) | |
| YUNINGSIH et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| Kieft et al. (1973) |
Italy | |
| Fadda et al. (2005) |
Ruggieri et al. (1997) | |
Ruggieri et al. (1997) | |
Japan | |
| Ishibashi (1960) |
| Shimada et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Ishibashi (1960) +2 other references |
| Yamada (2004) +1 other reference |
| 石橋正夫. (1956) +6 other references |
IMAI (1999) +2 other references | |
| Afifi et al. (1988) |
| Ishibashi (1960) |
| Ishibashi (1960) +1 other reference |
| Macuroy et al. (2023) |
| Macuroy et al. (2023) |
| Galena et al. (216) +2 other references |
| Maki et al. (1990) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Nakata et al. (2011) | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +3 other references |
| Vanin et al. (2024) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| homepage.usask.ca (2001) +1 other reference |
| Baocheng Fan et al. (2014) |
Malaysia | |
| Hassan (2008) |
Mali | |
| Lawrence et al. (2013) |
Mauritania | |
| Kolb et al. (2006) +2 other references |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Lapis 2001 (1) |
Mongolia | |
| Władysław Zygo (2011) |
Myanmar | |
| Myint et al. (2022) |
Myint et al. (2022) | |
| Cho Cho Aye and Ye Myint Swe (2014) |
New Zealand | |
| Dana 6:A1:52. |
Boyle (1979) | |
Fraser (1910) | |
Nigeria | |
| www.miningdataonline.com (n.d.) |
North Macedonia | |
| Percival et al. (1994) |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) +2 other references |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Lindley (1998) |
| ESPI et al. (22–25 October 2006) +1 other reference |
| Cameron (2013) |
| Denwer (1993) |
Peru | |
| Alfonso et al. (2023) |
Philippines | |
| Callow et al. (1965) +2 other references |
| Fermor 2011: Ore Deposits in an ... |
| Tarkian et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Jillian Aira Gabo-Ratio et al. (2020) |
| Oberthür et al. (2017) |
Romania | |
| Rădulescu Dan |
| Tamas +5 other references |
| Natural History Museum London 2015 |
| Cook et al. (2003) |
| Afifi et al. (1988) |
| G. Cioflica et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
Cook et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Apopei et al. (2016) |
Săbău et al. (2016) | |
Mineralogical Abstracts +4 other references | |
| Cristeastan et al. (2012) |
| Cristeastan et al. (2012) |
Russia | |
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| Vakh et al. (2016) |
| Maslennikov et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Zabotina M et al. (2014) |
| Падучина et al. (2019) |
Vikentev (2016, April) | |
Vikentyev et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
Tseluyko et al. (2019) | |
| Chernyshov et al. (2009, November) |
| Izvekova et al. (2021) |
| Mironov et al. (2008) |
| Zhmodik et al. (2023) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Vikent’eva +6 other references |
Plotinskaya et al. (2020) | |
Plotinskaya et al. (2014) | |
Lehmann et al. (1999) +2 other references | |
Plotinskaya et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2020) |
| Amplieva (2008) |
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Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
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| Nagornaya et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
Chitalin et al. (2023) | |
Chitalin et al. (2023) | |
Baksheev et al. (2018) | |
| Nikolaev et al. (2013) +2 other references |
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| Damdinov et al. (2016) |
| Bonev et al. (2005) +4 other references |
| Tolstykh et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Bortnikov et al. (2023) |
| Anastasiya SERGEEVA (2023) |
Kovalenker et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
| Kostin (2021) +1 other reference |
| Bortnikov et al. (2023) |
Bortnikov et al. (2023) | |
| Azarian et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
Fats’yanov et al. (2010, November) +1 other reference | |
| Tamara Yu. Yakich * et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Пальянова et al. (2016) |
Palyanova et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
Чернявский et al. (2013) | |
| Kalinin +2 other references |
| Vikent’ev et al. (2006) +3 other references |
| V. I. Ivashchenko et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
Mills et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Nenasheva et al. (2011) | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) +5 other references |
Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
Leontev et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
Kochetkov A.Ya. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2023) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
Anisimova et al. (2011) | |
| Simon et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Lehmann et al. (1999) |
| Mineralogy of Ural: native elements |
| Kasatkin et al. (2023) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2020) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2022) |
R. V. Kuzhuget et al. (2017) | |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Vikentyev et al. (2023) |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
Мансуров et al. (2017) | |
Shaibekov et al. (2024) | |
| Юргенсон (2022) +1 other reference |
| Spiridonov et al. (2010, December) +2 other references |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Afifi et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) |
| Kubač et al. (2018) |
| Ďuďa (1993) +1 other reference |
| Duda et. all. |
Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
South Korea | |
| Pak et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
Spain | |
| Cepedal et al. (2004) |
Cepedal et al. (2021) | |
| C. Canet et al. |
| Castroviejo (1990) |
Castroviejo (1990) | |
Castroviejo (1990) | |
Castroviejo (1990) | |
Sweden | |
| Scherbina (1941) +4 other references |
| Gavelin |
| International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Ossian Åström (2015) |
Journal of Geochemical Exploration 42 | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Tanzania | |
| Mnali (2001) |
UK | |
| Livingstone |
| Norton et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| V. Sukach et al. (2014) |
USA | |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
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- (2008) | |
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- (2008) | |
| Graeme (1993) |
Criddle et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Hanks (1884) +3 other references |
| letter to G. Küstel: Mining & ... +5 other references |
| letter to G. Küstel: Mining & ... +4 other references |
Contributions to mineralogy +3 other references | |
letter to G. Küstel: Mining & ... +5 other references | |
| [… Geological Society of America ... +4 other references |
| [… Geological Society of America ... +7 other references |
| Irelan (1893) +4 other references |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| |
| Farmin (1941) +3 other references |
| Merriam (1958) |
| Merriam (1958) |
| 767 pp.: 246 +2 other references |
Specimen No. C5958 | |
| Osborne (1903) +4 other references |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1913) +1 other reference |
| Weir +3 other references |
| Tucker (1914) +4 other references |
| Rocks & Min. 79 (1) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Leicht et al. (1994) |
Coogan Gold Co. specimens | |
| Dana 7:I:186 +6 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Silliman et al. (1868a) +3 other references |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Engineering & Mining Journal March 24 (1883) +2 other references |
Kelly et al. (1969) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
Kelly et al. (1969) +1 other reference | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
Thompson (1949) | |
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Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
Kelly et al. (1969) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
Kelly et al. (1969) +1 other reference | |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
Kelly et al. (1969) | |
| Frank Keutsch specimen and analysis |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Lovering et al. (1950) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
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| Eckel et al. (1997) |
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| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dana 7:I:199. |
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- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Econ Geol (1980) +2 other references |
Dana 6:1090. | |
| Saunders (1986) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
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- (2005) | |
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Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| POHL et al. (1990) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
| Rocks & Min.:62:9 +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Crawford (1930) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
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| Rosemeyer (1988) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Kadel-Harder (2020) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Callahan |
| John e.Callahan |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1985) +4 other references |
| Spry et al. (1996) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Aird et al. (2021) |
| Doebrich +3 other references |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| R&M 79:1 p44-54 |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Crawford (1937) |
| Maynard (2014) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Charles F. Park +4 other references |
Lindgren et al. (1910) | |
Crawford (1937) | |
Crawford (1937) | |
| Callahan |
| Callahan |
| Callahan |
| - (2005) |
In the Collection of Alex Earl | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (1952) |
| Callahan et al. (1995) |
| Rosemeyer (1996) |
| Brodbeck et al. (2022) |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
| USGS Prof Paper 1024 +1 other reference |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
SEM-EDS analyzed by Dr. Rob Bowell. | |
| In the collection of Alex Earl |
| Callahan |
| Lasmanis (1995) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Jones +1 other reference |
| DeMatties (1996) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Bortnikov et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Rustam Koneev et al. (2005) |
| Kovalenker et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
GEOCHMISTRY +8 other references | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Afifi et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
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Bald Mountain, Sonora, Sonora Mining District, East Belt, Tuolumne County, California, USA