Proustite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Proustite
Joseph Louis Proust
Formula:
Ag3AsS3
Colour:
Scarlet, Vermilion or reddish gray
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
5.57
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by François S. Beudant in 1832 in honor of Joseph-Louis Proust (26 September 1754, Angers, France – 5 July 1826, Angers, France), chemist and actor, for Proust's work on the red silver minerals (proustite-pyrargyrite series). He is most famous for discovering the law of definite proportion, stating that chemical compounds always combine in constant proportions.
Dimorph of:
Proustite-Pyrargyrite Series. The As analogue of pyrargyrite.
Trigonal dimorph of Xanthoconite.
One of the so-called "ruby silvers".
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Proustite.
Trigonal dimorph of Xanthoconite.
One of the so-called "ruby silvers".
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Proustite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3294
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3294:6
IMA Classification of Proustite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Proustite
2.GA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
A : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. without additional S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
A : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. without additional S
3.4.1.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
5.2.3
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Prs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Prs | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Proustite
Adamantine
Comment:
Darkens on exposure to light
Colour:
Scarlet, Vermilion or reddish gray
Streak:
Vermilion red
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=70 - 105 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {1011}
Distinct on {1011}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
5.57 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.625 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Proustite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 3.087 - 3.088 nε = 2.792
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.295 - 0.296
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Anisotropism:
Strong
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 36.9% | 39.6% |
| 420nm | 36.8% | 39.5% |
| 440nm | 36.7% | 39.4% |
| 460nm | 35.8% | 38.2% |
| 480nm | 34.0% | 36.8% |
| 500nm | 32.5% | 35.0% |
| 520nm | 31.2% | 33.5% |
| 540nm | 30.0% | 32.3% |
| 560nm | 29.0% | 31.2% |
| 580nm | 28.2% | 30.3% |
| 600nm | 27.5% | 29.6% |
| 620nm | 26.9% | 29.0% |
| 640nm | 26.3% | 28.5% |
| 660nm | 25.9% | 28.2% |
| 680nm | 25.4% | 27.9% |
| 700nm | 25.0% | 27.6% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 39.6%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Cochineal red to blood red
Chemistry of Proustite
Mindat Formula:
Ag3AsS3
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Sb
Crystallography of Proustite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3c
Setting:
R3c
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.79 Å, c = 8.69 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.805
Unit Cell V:
876.18 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals to 8 cm, also scalenohedral crystals.
Twinning:
On {1014} to produce trillings, also on {1011}{0001}{0112}
Crystallographic forms of Proustite
Crystal Atlas:
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Proustite no.18 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0018082 | Proustite | Hocart R (1937) Schema structural de la proustite et de la pyrargyrite. _cod_database_code 1011213 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 205 68-70 | 1937 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0018040 | Proustite | Harker D (1936) The application of the three-dimensional patterson method and the crystal structures of proustite, Ag3 As S3, and pyrargyrite, Ag3 SbS3 _cod_database_code 1011161 Journal of Chemical Physics 4 381-390 | 1936 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0014938 | Proustite | Allen S (1985) Phase transitions in proustite I. Structural studies Phase Transition 6 1-24 | 1985 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0014939 | Proustite | Allen S (1985) Phase transitions in proustite I. Structural studies Phase Transition 6 1-24 | 1985 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0014940 | Proustite | Allen S (1985) Phase transitions in proustite I. Structural studies Phase Transition 6 1-24 | 1985 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.76 Å | (10) |
| 3.28 Å | (8) |
| 3.18 Å | (8) |
| 2.56 Å | (8) |
| 2.48 Å | (8) |
| 1.929 Å | (2) |
| 1.672 Å | (2) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
A late forming mineral in hydrothermal veins, also in the supergene zone.
Type Occurrence of Proustite
Synonyms of Proustite
Other Language Names for Proustite
Catalan:Proustita
Dutch:Proustiet
French:Argent rouge arsenicale
German:Proustit
Arseniksilberblende
Arsensilberblende
Durchsichtig Rodtguldenerz
Lichtes Rotgültigerz
Lichtes Rothgültigerz
Rotgülden
Rotgültigerz (in part)
Arseniksilberblende
Arsensilberblende
Durchsichtig Rodtguldenerz
Lichtes Rotgültigerz
Lichtes Rothgültigerz
Rotgülden
Rotgültigerz (in part)
Italian:Proustite
Latin:Argentum rudum rubrum
Polish:Proustyt
Russian:Прустит
Simplified Chinese:淡红银矿
Slovak:Proustit
Ukrainian:Прустит
Relationship of Proustite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Proustite Group:
| Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 | Trig. 3m : R3c |
| Pyrostilpnite | Ag3SbS3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Xanthoconite | Ag3AsS3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Structurally related to group(s):
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 147 photos of Proustite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 131 photos of Proustite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 126 photos of Proustite associated with Native Arsenic | As |
| 108 photos of Proustite associated with Acanthite | Ag2S |
| 105 photos of Proustite associated with Xanthoconite | Ag3AsS3 |
| 78 photos of Proustite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 64 photos of Proustite associated with Argentopyrite | AgFe2S3 |
| 41 photos of Proustite associated with Native Silver | Ag |
| 40 photos of Proustite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 37 photos of Proustite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.GA. | Pyradoketosite | Ag3SbS3 |
| 2.GA. | Arsiccioite | AgHg2Tl(As,Sb)2S6 |
| 2.GA. | Eckerite | Ag2CuAsS3 |
| 2.GA.05 | Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
| 2.GA.10 | Xanthoconite | Ag3AsS3 |
| 2.GA.10 | Pyrostilpnite | Ag3SbS3 |
| 2.GA.15 | Samsonite | Ag4MnSb2S6 |
| 2.GA.20 | Bytízite | Cu3SbSe3 |
| 2.GA.20 | Skinnerite | Cu3SbS3 |
| 2.GA.20 | Wittichenite | Cu3BiS3 |
| 2.GA.25 | Lapieite | NiCuSbS3 |
| 2.GA.25 | Lisiguangite | PtCuBiS3 |
| 2.GA.25 | Malyshevite | PdCuBiS3 |
| 2.GA.25 | Roterbärite | PdBiCuSe3 |
| 2.GA.25 | Mückeite | NiCu(Bi,Sb)S3 |
| 2.GA.30 | Aktashite | Cu6Hg3As4S12 |
| 2.GA.30 | Nowackiite | Cu6Zn3As4S12 |
| 2.GA.30 | Zhengminghuaite | Cu6Fe3As4S12 |
| 2.GA.30 | Gruzdevite | Cu6Hg3Sb4S12 |
| 2.GA.35 | Laffittite | AgHgAsS3 |
| 2.GA.40 | Unnamed (Ag-Fe endmember of Routhierite Group) | AgFe2TlAs2S6 |
| 2.GA.40 | Routhierite | Tl(Cu,Ag)(Hg,Zn)2(As,Sb)2S6 |
| 2.GA.40 | Stalderite | Tl(Cu,Ag)(Zn,Fe,Hg)2(As,Sb)2S6 |
| 2.GA.40 | Ralphcannonite | AgZn2TlAs2S6 |
| 2.GA.40 | Ferrostalderite | CuFe2TlAs2S6 |
| 2.GA.45 | Erniggliite | Tl2SnAs2S6 |
| 2.GA.50 | Cerromojonite | CuPbBiSe3 |
| 2.GA.50 | Seligmannite | PbCuAsS3 |
| 2.GA.50 | Součekite | PbCuBi(S,Se)3 |
| 2.GA.50 | Unnamed (Pb-Cu-Bi Selenide) | PbCuBiSe3 |
| 2.GA.50 | Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| 2.GA.55 | Eldragónite | Cu6BiSe4(Se2) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
ore of silver
Internet Links for Proustite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3294.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Proustite
Reference List:
Beudant, F. S. (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie (2nd ed.) Vol. 1. Chez Verdière. pp.445-447
Harlov, Daniel E. (1999) Thermochemistry of Ag-Cu exchange equilibria between proustite, sinnerite, and pearceite: Constraints on Ag-Cu and As-Sb mixing in pyrargyrite-proustite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (4) 709-720 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/4/0709
Ondruš, P., Veselovský, F., Gabašová, A., Hloušek, J., Šrein, V., Vavřín, I., Skála, R., Sejkora, J., Drábek, M. (2003) Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 48 (3-4) 19-147
Localities for Proustite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Louha +5 other references |
Argentina | |
| PUTZ +1 other reference |
| PUTZ +1 other reference | |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Coira et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Slater (2016) |
| Coira et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| De Brodtkorb (2009) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Carrasquero et al. (2013) | |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
| Perelló et al. (2023) |
| Luna et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| Bottomer (1986) | |
| Bottomer (1986) | |
| Bottomer (1986) | |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| Liversidge (1896) |
| Brown et al. (2001) | |
| Brown et al. (2001) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Bottomer (1986) |
| Bottomer (1986) | |
| Bottomer (1986) | |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Maher (2010) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Downes (2007) |
| |
| Munro-Smith (2006) | |
| Brian Shelton collection via Francis X ... +1 other reference |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Cos Constantinides collection |
| Haupt (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ross |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Haupt (1988) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| A. R. Seymon |
| Gibb-Maitland (1908) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
Austria | |
| H.Meixner (1974) |
| B. Matz: Carinthia II 137./57.:10-16 (1948) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Götzinger (1985) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Brewel et al. (1998) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Torres et al. (2019) |
| Turneaure et al. (1945) |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Lindgren et al. (1928) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Radosavljevic et al. (2005) |
Bulgaria | |
| Mladenova et al. (1997) |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Lips (2006) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| R. O. Meyer collection |
| Hood et al. (1991) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| minfile.gov.bc.ca (2022) |
| Waterloo No. #3 report +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Rich et al. (1977) |
| Boyle (1972) +1 other reference |
| Carruzzo (2003) |
| Can Mineral February 1985 v. 23 no. 1 ... +1 other reference |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Petruk (1971) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) | |
| Reiner Mielke | |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Dana 7:I:372. | |
| the Canadian Mineralogist V 11 Part 1 ... | |
| Thirty - First Annual Report of the ... +1 other reference |
| Petruk (1971) | |
| Sabina (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Traill (1983) | |
| RWMW specimen +1 other reference |
| Petruk (1971) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1944) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| WARREN (2005) |
| Fondecyt +2 other references |
| Minerals from the collection of ... |
| Cecioni et al. (2000) |
| A. Moesta +3 other references |
| I. Domeyko collection Mineralogical ... |
| American Mineralogist | |
| MinRec 19:12 +1 other reference | |
| A. Moesta +3 other references | |
| "Geología del Cuadrángulo Paipote" +2 other references |
| "Geología del Cuadrángulo Paipote" +2 other references | |
| "Cuadrángulo Quebrada Paipote" +3 other references |
| "Cuadrángulo Los Loros" +3 other references | |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| "Geología del los distritos mineros de ... +2 other references |
| "Breves apuntes sobre algunos centros ... +2 other references |
| informe preliminar": Caja de Crédito ... +1 other reference |
| "Mineralogía" +1 other reference |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| I. Domeyko collection Mineralogical ... |
| I. Domeyko collection Mineralogical ... |
| Oyarzun et al. (1998) |
| "Geología del distrito argentífero de ... +2 other references |
| "Geología del distrito argentífero de ... +2 other references | |
| Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum |
| Crespo et al. (2020) | |
| TOM HENRICKSEN et al. (2002) |
| Maurizio Dini collections +1 other reference |
China | |
| Xiaodong Mao et al. (2007) |
| Xiaodong Mao and Sijing Huang (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Liming Wang et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Ottens et al. (2005) |
| Fuguo Li and Jiuju Ma (1989) |
| Xiuzhang Wang et al. (1998) | |
| Xinyou Zhu (1993) |
| Baode Wang et al. (2008) | |
| Guanxiang Song (1991) |
| Li et al. (2011) |
| Broili et al. (2010) |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) +2 other references |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) | |
| Dongbo Wang et al. (1991) |
| Tianwei Guo and Zhongwen Han (1990) |
| Mingjun Yang and Gonghua Tan (1991) +1 other reference |
| Xingyuan Wang (1992) | |
| Jingchun Wang et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Zhaojian Zeng (1997) |
| Youxun Liu et al. (2003) | |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Yi Li and Youbin Liang (1991) | |
| Zeng et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Junping Wang (2012) |
| Qian Zhang et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Libo Hao et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Haiming Zhao et al. (1994) |
| Cehui Mo et al. (1996) |
| Xiao'e Huang and Zhihua Xu (2006) |
| Leiming Xu et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Ran Lu et al. (2012) |
| Jiangli Pang (1999) |
| Chen et al. (2020) |
| Guoxing Wu (1990) |
| Poulsen et al. (1990) |
| Debao Mao and Baofeng Shen (1991) |
| Shengyuan Li (1988) |
| Junfa Zhou (1992) |
Czech Republic | |
| Dobešová (2012) |
| Škácha et al. (2009) |
| |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Richard Dale Collection +2 other references | |
| 86. +1 other reference | |
| Plášil et al. (2025) |
| 70 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Fengl (1.) |
| Fojt +1 other reference |
| Fengl (2.) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ... | |
| www.mineralos.cz (2002) |
| Parma (1973) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Zbynek Burival collection | |
| |
| Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Ecuador | |
| Ayala Obando (2022) |
| - (2005) |
| I. Vikentyev et al. (2005) |
| an NI 43-101 Technical Report prepared ... +1 other reference |
Fiji | |
| Boirat et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| ... |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Fiche BSS BRGM n° 11183X4002/GT |
| Alain Steinmetz and Thierry Brunsperger ... |
| Bari (1982) |
| Dana 6:A3:45. |
| Bari (1982) | |
| This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| Thierry Brunsperger in Mindat pictures |
| Bari (1982) |
| Same mineralogy than superior level. | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Belot (1978) | |
| Brousse (1982) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Robert Pecorini collection; EDX ... |
| Lips (2006) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Mari (2002) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 71 (3) | |
| Walenta (1994) |
| Gröbner et al. (2005) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| S Wolfsried collection |
| Mandler (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Götz (1986) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Markl (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 8 (4) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Manfred Groß Eigenfonds 2022. Analyse ... |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| M Kampf collection | |
| |
| Blaß et al. (2021) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Comm. R. Noll |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Vollstädt et al. (1991) | |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| M Kampf collection |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2011) | |
| Kipfer (1974) | |
| Haas (n.d.) | |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| ... | |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Gramaccioli |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Martin et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen MM collection (From S. Michalski nov. 1992) |
| Haake et al. (1994) |
| Lapis (2008) | |
| Haake et al. (1994) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| |
| Lapis 11 (7/8) | |
| Henwood (1843) |
| Baumann et al. (1997) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Haas (n.d.) | |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| - (1990) | |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| RWMW specimen mined before 1965 |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) | |
| Wind et al. (2023) |
| Vavelidis et al. (1997) +2 other references | |
| Tombros et al. (2008) |
Hungary | |
| Topographia Mineralogica Hungariae II. ... |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
India | |
| Tripathi et al. (2022) |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 41 (2003) +1 other reference |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) | |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| Simon et al. (1997) |
Ireland | |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
| Gasparrini (1978) +4 other references |
| Andrew et al. (2025) | |
Italy | |
| Guastoni A. |
| Guastoni et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Fenoglio (1926) | |
| Billows (1923) +1 other reference |
| Pietracaprina et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) | |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Fenoglio (1926) +2 other references |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Fenoglio (1926) +2 other references |
| D'Achiardi (1900) +1 other reference | |
| Fenoglio (1926) +2 other references | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana anno 2014 ... |
| Sabelli C. et al. (1996) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (LU) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| SUGAKI et al. (1986) |
| NAKAYAMA (1986) |
| Hariya +1 other reference |
| Ishiyama et al. (1989) | |
| Yuningsih et al. (2018) |
| SUGAKI et al. (1985) +2 other references | |
| 島倉広至 et al. (2015) |
| SHIMIZU et al. (1998) |
| Nokleberg et al. (2010) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Kosovo | |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Wilson et al. (1986) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Anisimov et al. (2001) |
| Diaz-Unzueta (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Dana 7. +2 other references | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| email to Rob Lavinsky from Peter McGaw ... |
| Arthur L. Flagg Collection No. 1307 |
| Dr. Walter S. Bowser Collection |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Camprubí et al. (2006) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 19:146. |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Camprubi | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Cano et al. (2024) |
| Cano et al. (2024) | |
| Cano et al. (2024) | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| www.almadenminerals.com (2018) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Chutas et al. (2004) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Robertson +1 other reference | |
| Gemmell et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
Morocco | |
| Ibouh et al. (n.d.) |
| Ko Jansen collection photo id 681252 |
| Zaid et al. (2025) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Samira et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (analysed by single-crystal XRD) +2 other references | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Petruk (1975) |
New Zealand | |
| Boyle (1979) |
| January 2010 An assessment of the value ... | |
| Simon et al. (1997) | |
| R. Martin (NZ) |
| Fraser (1910) |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Serafimovski et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment Vol 52 No. 3 pp 535-548 (2006) | |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1944) |
| Kvamsdal (2023) |
| Vogt (1886) +1 other reference |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Zierenberg et al. (1990) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Cameron (2013) | |
Peru | |
| Gamarra-Urrunaga et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
| Hyrsl (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
| John W. Rozelle and Donald B. Tschabrun (2009) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
Philippines | |
| Cooke et al. (1996) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Poland | |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Siuda (2012) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Pieczka et al. (1988) |
| Hoehne (1936) +2 other references | |
| Kozłowski et al. (2022) | |
| MEDERSKI et al. (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Artur Neves' collection - August 2014 |
| Bowles (1987) |
Romania | |
| Tămaș et al. (2024) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk (2003) +1 other reference |
| Tămaș et al. (2024) |
| |
| Bailly et al. (1998) |
| Marias Francisc |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Szakáll et al. (2013) | |
| Damian et al. (2006) |
| Damian et al. (2008) | |
| Clain et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) |
| Khomich V. G. and N. G. Vlasov (2001) |
| Глухов et al. (2021) +2 other references |
| Bortnikov et al. (2023) |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) +1 other reference |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference | |
| Макшаков et al. (СЕВЕРНОЕ ПРИОХОТЬЕ) +1 other reference |
| Kravtsova et al. (2003) | |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
| Volkov et al. (2015) |
| Makshakov +2 other references |
| Makshakov et al. (2024) | |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) | |
| Kravtsova et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Tauson et al. (2017) |
| Goryachev et al. (2014) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Simon et al. (1997) |
| Vikentyev (2015) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
Slovakia | |
| Berkh et al. (2014) |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Onačila D. (1992) | |
| Onačila D. et al. (in Slovak) | |
| Koděra (1986) +2 other references |
| Vlasáč J. et al. (2025) +1 other reference | |
| Števko et al. (2018) |
| Vlasáč J. et al. (2021) | |
| Koděra |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| ARANA CASTILLO (1972) |
| Torres-Ruis et al. (1985) |
| J. Gröbner and M. A. Fernández Périz (2006) |
| Informes de metalogenia del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME) |
| Cesar Menor Salvan specimen |
| Mateo +4 other references |
| Calvo et al. (1992) |
| Fabre (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| C. Canet et al. |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Lorin et al. (2009) |
| Gavelin | |
| Axelsson et al. (2006) | |
| Smellie |
| Öhman (2003) |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
| Badalov et al. (1975) | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
| Fayziev et al. (2019) | |
UK | |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Taylor +2 other references |
| - (2008) |
| Galbraith (1947) +2 other references |
| Thomas (1949) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Galbraith (1947) +2 other references |
| Bastin (1925) +1 other reference |
| Contributions To Economic Geology | |
| Bastin (1925) +2 other references | |
| Bastin (1925) +2 other references | |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Econ Geol (1988) | |
| MRDS file #10027841. | |
| Schrader (1907) +2 other references |
| MRDS file #10027837. | |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Schrader (1917) +1 other reference |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Engineering & Mining Jour. (1912) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Lindgren (1926) |
| Lindgren (1926) +3 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Lindgren (1926) +3 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) | |
| Bastin (1922) +2 other references |
| Prenn et al. (1991) |
| 48 pp.: 28-29 +6 other references |
| 48 pp.: 28-29. +6 other references | |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +3 other references |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Blaske +4 other references | |
| in: Mineral Industried Survey of the ... +4 other references |
| in: Mineral Industried Survey of the ... +6 other references | |
| Emmons et al. (1885) | |
| Laizure (1928) +2 other references |
| Julihn (1940) +3 other references |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Emmons et al. (1885) | |
| Hanks (1884) +2 other references | |
| Crawford (1896) +3 other references |
| Hulin (1925) +1 other reference | |
| Mayo (1972) |
| Hulin (1925) +3 other references |
| Hulin (1925) +3 other references | |
| Hulin (1925) +3 other references | |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Sims (1963) |
| Sims (1963) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Professional Paper 63: 253. +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Circular 213 |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| - (2005) |
| Moench et al. (1966) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Barnes (1985) |
| USGS PP 1017 (Lovering,1978) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Holmes et al. (1983) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Shannon et al. (1985) |
| Kucera (2021) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:142-143. +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Dana 6: 135 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| Ransome (1901) |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp94-101 |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ransome (1901) |
| Ransome (1901) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Dana 6:A2:83 +1 other reference |
| Dana 6: 135. |
| Rocks & Minerals 75:338 |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Shannon et al. (1971) |
| Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Shannon et al. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Dana 6:135. |
| Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) +2 other references |
| Dana 7:I:365. +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Collins (2012) |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (1995) +1 other reference | |
| mrdata.usgs.gov (n.d.) | |
| Geology and ore deposits of Shoshone ... +3 other references | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Morrill et al. 1958. +1 other reference | |
| Winchell (1914) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bindi et al (2006) |
| ... |
| Gobla (2012) |
| - (2005) | |
| Prinz (1967) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Szarkowski (2019) |
| Chris Tucker |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Weed (1912) |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) |
| USBM Inf Circ 7093 (1939) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| NBMG Bull 12 +2 other references |
| NBMG Bull 12 | |
| NBMG Bull 12 | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference | |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +1 other reference |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 997 | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 997 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 997 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 997 | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 997 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| USGS Bull 997 | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 997 | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Dana 6:134-135. | |
| Schilling (1979) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| NBMG Bull 77 Geology and Mineral ... |
| NBMG Bull 77 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| MinRec 16 (1) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| R&M 74:6 p380-390 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 14 +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... | |
| David Von Bargen et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMGMR Open-file Report - 532 +1 other reference |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (1965) | |
| USGS PP 1644C +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:86. |
| Ref: Gold And Silver In Oregon +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 1024 +2 other references | |
| Lasmanis (1995) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Simon et al. (1997) | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +3 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 540 |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Salisbury +2 other references |
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Imiter mine, Imiter mining district, Tinghir Cercle, Tinghir Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco