Tourmaline
A group of related mineral species
This page kindly sponsored by Sue Hankard
About Tourmaline
Formula:
AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
A = Ca, Na, K, Pb or is vacant;
D = Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, Li, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ti;
G = Al, Cr3+, Fe3+, V3+;
T = Si almost exclusively, although there can sometimes be minor Al and/or B3+ substitution. In adachiite only thus far, the T site includes one essential Al; in ertlite, the T site includes two essential B;
X = O and/or OH;
Z = F, O and/or OH
D = Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, Li, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ti;
G = Al, Cr3+, Fe3+, V3+;
T = Si almost exclusively, although there can sometimes be minor Al and/or B3+ substitution. In adachiite only thus far, the T site includes one essential Al; in ertlite, the T site includes two essential B;
X = O and/or OH;
Z = F, O and/or OH
Hardness:
7
Specific Gravity:
2.9 - 3.1
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Name:
Reported by Christianus-Fridericus Garmann in 1707. The name "tourmali" was a generic name used in Ceylon [Sri Lanka] for coloured gems, mostly zircons. About 1703, it had been discovered by Dutch lapidaries that some of the "zircons" arriving in the Netherlands were actually a previously undescribed mineral. Several names were given to the new mineral, including "Pierre de Ceylan", by Lemery in 1717. Tourmalin, as a more or less specific mineral name, was used by Rinmann in 1766. Hill called it Tourmaline Garnet in 1771 and Richard Kirwan shortened the name to "Tourmaline" in 1794.
Tourmaline (synonymous with tourmaline group) comprises trigonal borosilicates of the cyclosilicate superclass. The nomenclature was revised by Henry et al. (2011).
Notes on the general formula:
- Additional cations are reported, substituting in minor amounts for the principal cations of the G and D sites.
- The X and Z sites are usually combined in the simplified formula for the Group as Z4.
The structure for the group is one in which SiO4 tetrahedra are linked into six-membered rings having a hexagonal pattern and are stacked up with intervening distorted triangular BO3 groups, linked by D site cations; the SiO4 tetrahedra are linked vertically by G site cations and X site anions, while the columns are linked horizontally by both D site cations and X site anions. The A site cations and the Z site anions occupy the channels down the centre of the columns (or the A site may be vacant). Additionally, tetrahedral boron ([4]B) may be present in both natural and synthetic tourmalines (Kutzschbach et al., 2016).
Trigonal, in general.
Luinaite-(OH) seemed to represent a monoclinic (pseudo-rhombohedral) distorted variant (space group Cm) of the tourmaline structure. This species was, however, discredited. Unnamed (or: schorl-1A) triclinic variants have also been reported (e.g., Cámara et al., 2022).
Color change, from deep-green to dark-red, with an increasing path length of light, occurring in Cr-bearing tourmalines, is known as the Usambara effect. Although similar to the alexandrite effect, the colour change in this case is due to (1) spectral positions of the spin-allowed bands of absorption of Cr3+ ions, (2) specific ratio of the transmission of light in two windows of transparency (green and red), and (3) exponential dependence of the light transmittance on the sample thickness. Other than Cr chromophores, like Fe, suppress the effect (Taran & Naumenko, 2016).
According to Hawthorne & Dirlam (2021), some tourmalines could be used by Vikings as a navigational aid (piezoelectric gauges).
Recent (2021/2022) studies report further elements that can be moderately to strongly enriched in tourmalines, including Ni and Sn.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Tourmaline.
Notes on the general formula:
- Additional cations are reported, substituting in minor amounts for the principal cations of the G and D sites.
- The X and Z sites are usually combined in the simplified formula for the Group as Z4.
The structure for the group is one in which SiO4 tetrahedra are linked into six-membered rings having a hexagonal pattern and are stacked up with intervening distorted triangular BO3 groups, linked by D site cations; the SiO4 tetrahedra are linked vertically by G site cations and X site anions, while the columns are linked horizontally by both D site cations and X site anions. The A site cations and the Z site anions occupy the channels down the centre of the columns (or the A site may be vacant). Additionally, tetrahedral boron ([4]B) may be present in both natural and synthetic tourmalines (Kutzschbach et al., 2016).
Trigonal, in general.
Luinaite-(OH) seemed to represent a monoclinic (pseudo-rhombohedral) distorted variant (space group Cm) of the tourmaline structure. This species was, however, discredited. Unnamed (or: schorl-1A) triclinic variants have also been reported (e.g., Cámara et al., 2022).
Color change, from deep-green to dark-red, with an increasing path length of light, occurring in Cr-bearing tourmalines, is known as the Usambara effect. Although similar to the alexandrite effect, the colour change in this case is due to (1) spectral positions of the spin-allowed bands of absorption of Cr3+ ions, (2) specific ratio of the transmission of light in two windows of transparency (green and red), and (3) exponential dependence of the light transmittance on the sample thickness. Other than Cr chromophores, like Fe, suppress the effect (Taran & Naumenko, 2016).
According to Hawthorne & Dirlam (2021), some tourmalines could be used by Vikings as a navigational aid (piezoelectric gauges).
Recent (2021/2022) studies report further elements that can be moderately to strongly enriched in tourmalines, including Ni and Sn.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Tourmaline.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4003
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4003:3
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Tur | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Tur | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Tur | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Tur | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Tur | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Tourmaline
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Tourmaline
Chemistry of Tourmaline
Mindat Formula:
AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
A = Ca, Na, K, Pb or is vacant;
D = Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, Li, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ti;
G = Al, Cr3+, Fe3+, V3+;
T = Si almost exclusively, although there can sometimes be minor Al and/or B3+ substitution. In adachiite only thus far, the T site includes one essential Al; in ertlite, the T site includes two essential B;
X = O and/or OH;
Z = F, O and/or OH
A = Ca, Na, K, Pb or is vacant;
D = Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, Li, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ti;
G = Al, Cr3+, Fe3+, V3+;
T = Si almost exclusively, although there can sometimes be minor Al and/or B3+ substitution. In adachiite only thus far, the T site includes one essential Al; in ertlite, the T site includes two essential B;
X = O and/or OH;
Z = F, O and/or OH
Crystallography of Tourmaline
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Crystallographic forms of Tourmaline
Crystal Atlas:
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Tourmaline no.4 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Tourmaline no.309 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000221 | Fluor-buergerite | Tippe A, Hamilton W C (1971) A neutron-diffraction study of the ferric tourmaline, buergerite American Mineralogist 56 101-113 |  | 1971 | Mexquitic, San Luis Potosi, Mexico | 0 | 293 |
| 0018672 | Fluor-buergerite | Barton R (1969) Refinement of the crystal structure of buergerite and the absolute orientation of tourmalines Acta Crystallographica B25 1524-1533 |  | 1969 | Mexquitic, San Luis Potosi, Mexico | 0 | 293 |
| 0018787 | Fluor-buergerite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Mapimi, Durango, Mexico | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000045 | Dravite | Hamburger G E, Buerger M J (1948) The structure of tourmaline American Mineralogist 33 532-540 | | 1948 | de Kalb, New York, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0000739 | Dravite | Foit F F, Rosenberg P E (1979) The structure of vanadium-bearing tourmaline and its implications regarding tourmaline solid solutions American Mineralogist 64 788-798 | | 1979 | Silver Knob, Mariposa County, California, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0001551 | Dravite | Hawthorne F C, MacDonald D J, Burns P C (1993) Reassignment of cation site occupancies in tourmaline: Al-Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite American Mineralogist 78 265-270 | | 1993 | Osarar, Narok District, Kenya | 0 | 293 |
| 0002913 | Dravite | Camara F, Ottolini L, Hawthorne F C (2000) Crystal chemistry of three tourmalines by SREF, EMPA and SIMS American Mineralogist 87 1437-1442 | | 2000 | Madagascar | 0 | 293 |
| 0004680 | Dravite | Bosi F (2008) Disordering of Fe2+ over octahedrally coordinated sites of tourmaline American Mineralogist 93 1647-1653 | | 2008 | Uto Island, south of Stockholm, Sweden | 0 | 293 |
| 0018457 | Dravite | Hughes J M, Rakovan J, Ertl A, Rossman G R, Baksheev I, Bernhardt H-J (2011) Dissymmetrization in tourmaline: the atomic arrangement of sectorally zoned triclinic Ni-bearing dravite The Canadian Mineralogist 49 29-40 | 2011 | Berezovskoe gold deposit, Middle Urals, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019716 | Dravite | Bacik P, Uher P, Ertl A, Jonsson E, Nysten P, Kanicky V, Vaculovic T (2012) Zoned REE-enriched dravite from a granitic pegmatite in Forshammar Bergslagen Province, Sweden: An EMPA, XRD and LA-ICP-MS study The Canadian Mineralogist 50 825-841 | 2012 | Forshammar Bergslagen Province, Sweden | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007038 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Olkhon (Lake Baikal), Siberia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007039 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Olkhon (Lake Baikal), Siberia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007040 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Beresov Mine, Siberia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007041 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Beresov Mine, Siberia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007042 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Haddam, Connecticut, U.S.A. | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007043 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Haddam, Connecticut, U.S.A. | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007044 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Zillerthal, Tyrol, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007048 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Arendal, Norway | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007053 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Cruziero, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007054 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Lake Baikal, Siberia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007055 | Dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Lake Baikal, Siberia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007080 | Dravite | Marschall H R, Ertl A, Hughes J M, McCammon C A (2004) Metamorphic Na- and OH-rich disordered dravite with tetrahedral boron, associated with omphacite, from Syros, Greece: chemistry and structure European Journal of Mineralogy 16 817-823 | 2004 | Syros, Greece | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020154 | Dravite | Vereshchagin O S, Rozhdestvenskaya I V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O V, Zolotarev A A (2014) Ion substitutions and structural adjustment in Cr-bearing tourmalines European Journal of Mineralogy 26 309-321 | 2014 | Shabrovskoe ore district, Middle Urals, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020155 | Dravite | Vereshchagin O S, Rozhdestvenskaya I V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O V, Zolotarev A A (2014) Ion substitutions and structural adjustment in Cr-bearing tourmalines European Journal of Mineralogy 26 309-321 | 2014 | Shabrovskoe ore district, Middle Urals, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020156 | Dravite | Vereshchagin O S, Rozhdestvenskaya I V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O V, Zolotarev A A (2014) Ion substitutions and structural adjustment in Cr-bearing tourmalines European Journal of Mineralogy 26 309-321 | 2014 | Shabrovskoe ore district, Middle Urals, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020157 | Dravite | Vereshchagin O S, Rozhdestvenskaya I V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O V, Zolotarev A A (2014) Ion substitutions and structural adjustment in Cr-bearing tourmalines European Journal of Mineralogy 26 309-321 | 2014 | Umba Valley, Tanzania | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019011 | Dravite | Schmetzer K, Nuber B, Abraham K (1979) Zur Kristallchemie Magnesium-reicher Turmaline Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 136 93-112 | 1979 | Gerevi Hills, Tanzania | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018789 | Dravite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018792 | Dravite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Yinnietharra, Western Australia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003949 | Elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003950 | Elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0019363 | Elbaite | Diego Gatta G, Danisi R M, Adamo I, Meven M, Diella V (2012) A single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study of elbaite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 39 577-588 | 2012 | pegmatite dikes near Sao Jose da Safira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019364 | Elbaite | Diego Gatta G, Danisi R M, Adamo I, Meven M, Diella V (2012) A single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study of elbaite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 39 577-588 | 2012 | pegmatite dikes near Sao Jose da Safira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014789 | Elbaite | Nuber B, Schmetzer K (1984) Structural refinement of tsilaisite (manganese tourmaline) Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1984 301-304 | 1984 | Zambia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005228 | Feruvite | Grice J D, Robinson G W (1989) Feruvite, a new member of the tourmaline group, and its crystal structure The Canadian Mineralogist 27 199-203 | | 1989 | Cuvier Island, New Zealand | 0 | 293 |
| 0020666 | Feruvite | Gadas P, Novak M, Cempirek J, Filip J, Galiova M V, Groat L A, Vsiansky D (2014) Mineral assemblages, compositional variation, and crystal structure of feruvitic tourmaline from a contaminated anatectic pegmatite at Mirosov near Strazek, Moldanubian zone, Czech Republic The Canadian Mineralogist 52 285-301 | 2014 | Mirosov, Moldanubian zone, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020667 | Feruvite | Gadas P, Novak M, Cempirek J, Filip J, Galiova M V, Groat L A, Vsiansky D (2014) Mineral assemblages, compositional variation, and crystal structure of feruvitic tourmaline from a contaminated anatectic pegmatite at Mirosov near Strazek, Moldanubian zone, Czech Republic The Canadian Mineralogist 52 285-301 | 2014 | Mirosov, Moldanubian zone, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018788 | Feruvite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Cuvier Island, New Zealand | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001622 | Foitite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C, Grice J D (1993) Foitite, _[Fe2(Al,Fe)]Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)4, a new alkali-deficient tourmaline: Description and crystal structure American Mineralogist 78 1299-1303 | | 1993 | likely White Queen mine, San Diego County, California, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0005633 | Foitite | Francis C A, Dyar M D, Williams M L, Hughes J M (1999) The occurrence and crystal structure of foitite from a tungsten-bearing vein at Copper Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico The Canadian Mineralogist 37 1431-1438 | | 1999 | Copper Mountain, Taos County, New Mexico | 0 | 293 |
| 0006843 | Foitite | Kahlenberg V, Velickov B (2000) Structural investigations on a synthetic alkali-free hydrogen-deficient Fe-tourmaline (foitite) Locvality: synthetic European Journal of Mineralogy 12 947-953 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0003156 | Olenite | Ertl A, Hughes J M, Prowatke S, Rossman G R, London D, Fritz E A (2003) Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and relations to synthetic solid solutions Sample BT American Mineralogist 88 1369-1376 | | 2003 | Eibenstein an der Thaya, Lower Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0003157 | Olenite | Ertl A, Hughes J M, Prowatke S, Rossman G R, London D, Fritz E A (2003) Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and relations to synthetic solid solutions Sample P6 American Mineralogist 88 1369-1376 | | 2003 | Eibenstein an der Thaya, Lower Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0003445 | Olenite | Hughes J M, Ertl A, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Wieden-beck M, Brandstatter F (2004) Structural and chemical response to varying B content in zoned Fe-bearing olenite from Koralpe, Austria American Mineralogist 89 447-454 | | 2004 | Koralpe, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0003446 | Olenite | Hughes J M, Ertl A, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Wieden-beck M, Brandstatter F (2004) Structural and chemical response to varying B content in zoned Fe-bearing olenite from Koralpe, Austria American Mineralogist 89 447-454 | | 2004 | Koralpe, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0003447 | Olenite | Hughes J M, Ertl A, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Wieden-beck M, Brandstatter F (2004) Structural and chemical response to varying B content in zoned Fe-bearing olenite from Koralpe, Austria American Mineralogist 89 447-454 | | 2004 | Koralpe, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0003448 | Olenite | Hughes J M, Ertl A, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Wieden-beck M, Brandstatter F (2004) Structural and chemical response to varying B content in zoned Fe-bearing olenite from Koralpe, Austria American Mineralogist 89 447-454 | | 2004 | Koralpe, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0003449 | Olenite | Hughes J M, Ertl A, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Wieden-beck M, Brandstatter F (2004) Structural and chemical response to varying B content in zoned Fe-bearing olenite from Koralpe, Austria American Mineralogist 89 447-454 | | 2004 | Koralpe, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0019525 | Olenite | Ertl A, Giester G, Ludwig T, Meyer H P, Rossman G R (2012) Synthetic B-rich olenite: Correlations of single-crystal structural data American Mineralogist 97 1591-1597 | 2012 | synthetic at 600 C | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019526 | Olenite | Ertl A, Giester G, Ludwig T, Meyer H P, Rossman G R (2012) Synthetic B-rich olenite: Correlations of single-crystal structural data American Mineralogist 97 1591-1597 | 2012 | synthetic at 500 C | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019527 | Olenite | Ertl A, Giester G, Ludwig T, Meyer H P, Rossman G R (2012) Synthetic B-rich olenite: Correlations of single-crystal structural data American Mineralogist 97 1591-1597 | 2012 | synthetic at 400 C | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005693 | Olenite | Hughes J M, Ertl A, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Shearer C K, Yates M G, Guidotti C V (2000) Tetrahedrally coordinated boron in a tourmaline: Boron-rich olenite from Stoffhutte, Koralpe, Austria The Canadian Mineralogist 38 861-868 | | 2000 | Stoffhutte, Koralpe, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0005892 | Olenite | Ertl A, Hughes J M, Brandstatter F, Dyar M D, Prasad P S R (2003) Disordered Mg-bearing olenite from a granitic pegmatite at Goslarn, Austria: A chemical, structural, and infrared spectroscopic study The Canadian Mineralogist 41 1363-1370 | | 2003 | Goslarn, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0005893 | Olenite | Ertl A, Hughes J M, Brandstatter F, Dyar M D, Prasad P S R (2003) Disordered Mg-bearing olenite from a granitic pegmatite at Goslarn, Austria: A chemical, structural, and infrared spectroscopic study The Canadian Mineralogist 41 1363-1370 | | 2003 | Goslarn, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0005974 | Olenite | Ertl A, Pertlik F, Dyar M D, Prowatke S, Hughes J M, Ludwig T, Bernhardt H J (2004) Fe-rich olenite with tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+ from Eibenstein, Austria: Structural, chemical, and Mossbauer data The Canadian Mineralogist 42 1057-1063 | | 2004 | Eibenstein, Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0006068 | Olenite | Cempirek J, Novak M, Ertl A, Hughes J M, Rossman G R, Dyar D (2006) Fe-bearing olenite with tetrahedrally coordinated Al from an abyssal pegmatite at Kutna Hora, Czech Republic: structure, crystal chemistry, optical and xanes spectra The Canadian Mineralogist 44 23-60 | | 2006 | Kutna Hora, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 |
| 0006942 | Olenite | Marler B, Borowski M, Wodara U, Schreyer W (2002) Synthetic tourmaline (olenite) with excess boron replacing silicon in the tetrahedral site: II. Structure analysis European Journal of Mineralogy 14 763-771 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006943 | Olenite | Marler B, Borowski M, Wodara U, Schreyer W (2002) Synthetic tourmaline (olenite) with excess boron replacing silicon in the tetrahedral site: II. Structure analysis European Journal of Mineralogy 14 763-771 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006949 | Olenite | Schreyer W, Hughes J M, Bernhardt H J, Kalt A, Prowatke S, Ertl A (2002) Reexamination of olenite from the type locality: detection of boron in tetrahedral coordination European Journal of Mineralogy 14 935-942 | 2002 | Olenii Range, Kola Peninsula, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007045 | Olenite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Kwale, Mombasa, Kenya | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007046 | Olenite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Cooma, New South Wales, Australia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007052 | Olenite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Cruziero, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007078 | Olenite | Ertl A, Schuster R, Prowatke S, Brandstatter F, Ludwig T, Bernhardt H J, Koller F, Hughes J M (2004) Mn-rich tourmaline and fluorapatite in a Variscan pegmatite from Eibenstein an der Thaya, Bohemian massif, Lower Austria European Journal of Mineralogy 16 551-560 | 2004 | Eibenstein an der Thaya, Bohemian massif, Lower Austria | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018673 | Olenite | Ertl A, Pertlik F, Bernhardt H J (1997) Investigations on olenite with exess boron from Koralpe, Styria, Austria Anzeiger der Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 134 3-10 | 1997 | Koralpe, Styria, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001555 | Povondraite | Grice J D, Ercit T S, Hawthorne F C (1993) Povondraite, a redefinition of the tourmaline ferridravite American Mineralogist 78 433-436 | | 1993 | San Francisco mine, Villa Tunari, Bolivia | 0 | 293 |
| 0018783 | Povondraite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | San Francisco mine, Villa Tu nari, Bolivia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001229 | Schorl | Foit F F (1989) Crystal chemistry of alkali-deficient schorl and tourmaline structural relationships American Mineralogist 74 422-431 | | 1989 | Jack Creek deposit, near Basin, Montana, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0002238 | Schorl | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample 108749 American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Madagascar | 0 | 293 |
| 0002241 | Schorl | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample HP2-1 American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Harney Peak Granite, Custer County, South Dakota, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0002914 | Schorl | Camara F, Ottolini L, Hawthorne F C (2000) Crystal chemistry of three tourmalines by SREF, EMPA and SIMS American Mineralogist 87 1437-1442 | | 2000 | Alto Lighona pegmatite field, Zambezia, Mozambique | 0 | 293 |
| 0003957 | Schorl | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003958 | Schorl | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003959 | Schorl | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005111 | Schorl | Fortier S, Donnay G (1975) Schorl refinement showing composition dependence of the tourmaline structure The Canadian Mineralogist 13 173-177 | | 1975 | Andreasberg, Harz, Lower Saxony, Germany | 0 | 293 |
| 0007047 | Schorl | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Bovey Tracy, Devonshire, England | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007050 | Schorl | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Cruziero, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007051 | Schorl | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Cruziero, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007056 | Schorl | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Lake Baikal, Siberia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018784 | Schorl | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Silver Crater, Hastings Co., Ontario, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018786 | Schorl | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Cross Lake, Manitoba, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002029 | Rossmanite | Selway J B, Novak M, Hawthorne F C, Cerny P, Ottolini L, Kyser T K (1998) Rossmanite, _(LiAl2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)4, a new alkali-deficient tourmaline: Description and crystal structure American Mineralogist 83 896-900 | | 1998 | Rozna, Moravia, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 |
| 0003738 | Rossmanite | Ertl A, Rossman G R, Hughes J M, Prowatke S, Ludwig T (2005) Mn-bearing "oxy-rossmanite" with tetrahedrally-coordinated Al and B from Austria: Structure, chemistry, and infrared and optical spectroscopic study Reported formula: (Na.46 Ca.01) (Al2.37 Li.33 Mn2+.25 Fe2+.04 Ti4+.01) Al6 (Si5.47 Al.28 B.25) O18 (BO3)3 [(OH)2.85 O.15] [O.86 (OH).10 F.04] Tourmaline American Mineralogist 90 481-487 | | 2005 | Eibenstein an der Thaya, Lower Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0003739 | Rossmanite | Ertl A, Rossman G R, Hughes J M, Prowatke S, Ludwig T (2005) Mn-bearing "oxy-rossmanite" with tetrahedrally-coordinated Al and B from Austria: Structure, chemistry, and infrared and optical spectroscopic study Reported formula: (Na.46 Ca.01) (Al2.35 Li.32 Mn2+.28 Fe2+.04 Ti4+.01) Al6 (Si5.51 Al.25 B.24) O18 (BO3)3 [(OH)2.80 O.20] [O.86 (OH).10 F.04] Tourmaline American Mineralogist 90 481-487 | | 2005 | Eibenstein an der Thaya, Lower Austria | 0 | 293 |
| 0018865 | Tsilaisite | Bosi F, Skogby H, Agrosi G, Scandale E (2012) Tsilaisite, NaMn3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup from Grotta d'Oggi, San Pietro in Campo, island of Elba, Italy American Mineralogist 97 989-994 | 2012 | Grotta d'Oggi, San Pietro in Campo, island of Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018866 | Tsilaisite | Bosi F, Skogby H, Agrosi G, Scandale E (2012) Tsilaisite, NaMn3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3OH, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup from Grotta d'Oggi, San Pietro in Campo, island of Elba, Italy American Mineralogist 97 989-994 | 2012 | Grotta d'Oggi, San Pietro in Campo, island of Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019820 | Oxy-vanadium-dravite | Bosi F, Reznitskii L, Sklyarov E V (2013) Oxy-vanadium-dravite, NaV3(V4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O: Crystal structure and redefinition of the "vanadium-dravite" tourmaline American Mineralogist 98 501-505 | 2013 | Sludyanka complex, southern Baikal region, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002240 | Oxy-dravite | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample LCW2356 American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Dunton mine, Newry, Oxford County, Maine, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0002245 | Oxy-dravite | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample Ru-T18-92 American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Rumford, Oxford County, Maine, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0020259 | Oxy-dravite | Bosi F, Skogby H (2013) Oxy-dravite, Na(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 98 1442-1448 | 2013 | Osarara, Narok district, Kenya | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020483 | Oxy-dravite | Gatta G D, Bosi F, McIntyre G J, Skogby H (2014) First accurate location of two proton sites in tourmaline: A single-crystal neutron diffraction study of oxy-dravite Mineralogical Magazine 78 681-692 | 2014 | Osarara, Narok District, Kenya | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020484 | Oxy-dravite | Gatta G D, Bosi F, McIntyre G J, Skogby H (2014) First accurate location of two proton sites in tourmaline: A single-crystal neutron diffraction study of oxy-dravite Mineralogical Magazine 78 681-692 | 2014 | Osarara, Narok District, Kenya | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002239 | Fluor-schorl | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample DLux1 American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Sebago Granite, North Windham, Oxford County, Maine, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0002243 | Fluor-schorl | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample SmFalls American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Small Falls pegmatite, Rumford, Oxford County, Maine, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0007165 | Fluor-schorl | Ertl A, Kolitsch U, Prowatke S, Dyar M D, Henry D J (2006) The F-analogue of schorl from Grasstein, Trentino - South Tyrol, Italy: crystal structure and chemistry European Journal of Mineralogy 18 583-588 | 2006 | pegmatite at Grasstein, Trentino-South Tyrol, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007165 | Fluor-schorl | Ertl A, Kolitsch U, Prowatke S, Dyar M D, Henry D J (2006) The F-analogue of schorl from Grasstein, Trentino - South Tyrol, Italy: crystal structure and chemistry European Journal of Mineralogy 18 583-588 | 2006 | pegmatite at Grasstein, Trentino-South Tyrol, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003941 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Agrosi G, Lucchesi S, Melchiorre G, Scandale E (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy): Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist 90 1661-1668 | | 2005 | Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0003942 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Agrosi G, Lucchesi S, Melchiorre G, Scandale E (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy): Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist 90 1661-1668 | | 2005 | Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0003943 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Agrosi G, Lucchesi S, Melchiorre G, Scandale E (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy): Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist 90 1661-1668 | | 2005 | Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0003944 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Agrosi G, Lucchesi S, Melchiorre G, Scandale E (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy): Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist 90 1661-1668 | | 2005 | Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0003945 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Agrosi G, Lucchesi S, Melchiorre G, Scandale E (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy): Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist 90 1661-1668 | | 2005 | Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0003946 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Agrosi G, Lucchesi S, Melchiorre G, Scandale E (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy): Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist 90 1661-1668 | | 2005 | Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0003947 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Agrosi G, Lucchesi S, Melchiorre G, Scandale E (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy): Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist 90 1661-1668 | | 2005 | Elba, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0003951 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003952 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003953 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003954 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003955 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003956 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0019775 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Skogby H, Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C (2013) Fluor-elbaite, Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 98 297-303 | 2013 | Urubu mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019776 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Skogby H, Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C (2013) Fluor-elbaite, Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 98 297-303 | 2013 | Urubu mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019777 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Skogby H, Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C (2013) Fluor-elbaite, Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 98 297-303 | 2013 | Cruzeiro mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019778 | Fluor-elbaite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Skogby H, Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C (2013) Fluor-elbaite, Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 98 297-303 | 2013 | Cruzeiro mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005345 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Nepal | 0 | 293 |
| 0005346 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Nepal | 0 | 293 |
| 0005347 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Nepal | 0 | 293 |
| 0005348 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Nepal | 0 | 293 |
| 0005349 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005350 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005351 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005352 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005353 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005354 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005355 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005356 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005357 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005358 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | Zambia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005359 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | San Diego mine | 0 | 293 |
| 0005360 | Fluor-elbaite | Burns P C, MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite The Canadian Mineralogist 32 31-41 | | 1994 | San Diego mine | 0 | 293 |
| 0018794 | Fluor-elbaite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020261 | Chromo-alumino-povondraite | Bosi F, Skogby H, Halenius U, Reznitskii L (2013) Crystallographic and spectroscopic characterization of Fe-bearing chromo-alumino-povondraite and its relations with oxy-chromium-dravite and oxy-dravite American Mineralogist 98 1557-1564 | 2013 | Sludyanka crystalline complex, Lake Baikal, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020335 | Chromo-alumino-povondraite | Reznitskii L, Clark C M, Hawthorne F C, Grice J D, Skogby H, Halenius U, Bosi F (2014) Chromo-alumino-povondraite, NaCr3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 99 1767-1773 | 2014 | Sludyanka, Lake Baikal, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002246 | Fluor-dravite | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample #32008 American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Tait farm, Dungannon Township, Hastings County, Ontario, Canada | 0 | 293 |
| 0002915 | Fluor-dravite | Camara F, Ottolini L, Hawthorne F C (2000) Crystal chemistry of three tourmalines by SREF, EMPA and SIMS American Mineralogist 87 1437-1442 | | 2000 | a pegmatite at Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0018741 | Fluor-dravite | Clark C M, Hawthorne F C, Ottolini L (2011) Fluor-dravite, NaMg3Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3F, a new mineral species of the tourmaline group from the Crabtree Emerald mine, Mitchell County, North Carolina: Description and crystal structure The Canadian Mineralogist 49 57-62 | 2011 | the Crabtree Emerald mine, Mitchell County, North Carolina, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007049 | Fluor-dravite | Bosi F, Lucchesi S (2004) Crystal chemistry of the schorl-dravite series European Journal of Mineralogy 16 335-344 | 2004 | Olkhon (Lake Baikal), Siberia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018790 | Fluor-dravite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Bronson Station, Hastings Co., Ontario, Canada | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018791 | Fluor-dravite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Pierrepont, St, Lawrence Co., New York, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002242 | Oxy-schorl | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample O-T16-92 American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Bald Mountain, Rangeley, Oxford County, Maine | 0 | 293 |
| 0002244 | Oxy-schorl | Bloodaxe E S, Hughes J M, Dyar M D, Grew E S, Guidotti C V (1999) Linking structure and chemistry in the schorl-dravite series Sample Ru-T17-92 American Mineralogist 84 922-928 | | 1999 | Noisy Brook gneiss, Roxbury, Oxford County, Maine, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0003960 | Oxy-schorl | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0003961 | Oxy-schorl | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Federico M, Graziani G, Lucchesi S (2005) Crystal chemistry of the elbaite-schorl series American Mineralogist 90 1784-1792 | | 2005 | Cruziero pegmatite, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0018406 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018407 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018408 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018409 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018410 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018411 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018412 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018413 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018414 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018415 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018416 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018417 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018418 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018419 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018420 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018421 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018422 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018423 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018424 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018425 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018426 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018427 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018428 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018429 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018430 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018431 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018432 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018433 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018434 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018435 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018436 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018437 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018438 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018439 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018440 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018441 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018442 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018443 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018444 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018445 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018446 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018447 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018448 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018449 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018450 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018451 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Lussier A J, Abdu Y, Hawthorne F C, Michaelis V K, Aguiar P M, Kroeker S (2011) Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madigascar. I. Crystal chemistry and structure by SREF and 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 63-88 | 2011 | Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006766 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Aurisicchio C, Demartin F, Ottolini L, Pezzotta F (1999) Homogeneous liddicoatite from Madagascar: a possible reference material? First EMPA, SIMS and SREF data European Journal of Mineralogy 11 237-242 | 1999 | Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006767 | Fluor-liddicoatite | Aurisicchio C, Demartin F, Ottolini L, Pezzotta F (1999) Homogeneous liddicoatite from Madagascar: a possible reference material? First EMPA, SIMS and SREF data European Journal of Mineralogy 11 237-242 | 1999 | Madagascar | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019734 | Oxy-chromium-dravite | Bosi F, Reznitskii L, Skogby H (2012) Oxy-chromium-dravite, NaCr3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 97 2024-2030 | 2012 | Pereval marble quarry, Sludyanka, Lake Baikal, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020016 | Darrellhenryite | Novak M, Ertl A, Povondra P, Galiova M V, Rossman G R, Pristacz H, Prem M, Giester G, Gadas P, Skoda R (2013) Darrellhenryite, Na(LiAl2)Al6(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)3O, a new mineral from the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 98 1886-1892 | 2013 | Nova Ves near Cesky Krumlov, southern Bohemia, Moldanubian Zone, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020623 | Fluor-tsilaisite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Agrosi G, Scandale E (2015) Fluor-tsilaisite, NaMn3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F, a new tourmaline from San Piero in Campo (Elba, Italy) and new data on tsilaisitic tourmaline from the holotype specimen locality Mineralogical Magazine 79 89-101 | 2015 | Grotta d'Oggi, San Piero in Campo, Elba Island, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020624 | Fluor-tsilaisite | Bosi F, Andreozzi G B, Agrosi G, Scandale E (2015) Fluor-tsilaisite, NaMn3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F, a new tourmaline from San Piero in Campo (Elba, Italy) and new data on tsilaisitic tourmaline from the holotype specimen locality Mineralogical Magazine 79 89-101 | 2015 | Grotta d'Oggi, San Piero in Campo, Elba Island, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005436 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0005437 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0005438 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0005439 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0005440 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0005441 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0005442 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0005443 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0005444 | Fluor-uvite | MacDonald D J, Hawthorne F C (1995) The crystal chemistry of Si=Al substitution in tourmaline The Canadian Mineralogist 33 849-858 | | 1995 | East Africa | 0 | 293 |
| 0018793 | Fluor-uvite | Grice J D, Ercit T S (1993) Ordering of Fe and Mg in the tourmaline crystal structure: The correct formula Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 165 245-266 | 1993 | Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., New York, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020018 | Vanadio-oxy-dravite | Bosi F, Skogby H, Reznitskii L, Halenius U (2014) Vanadio-oxy-dravite, NaV3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup American Mineralogist 99 218-224 | 2014 | Sludyanka, Lake Baikal, Russia | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020449 | Adachiite | Nishio-Hamane D, Minakawa T, Yamaura J, Oyama T, Ohnishi M, Shimobayashi N (2014) Adachiite, a Si-poor member of the tourmaline supergroup from the Kiura mine, Oita Prefecture, Japan Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 109 74-78 | 2014 | Kiura mine, Saiki City, Oita Prefecture, Japan | 0 | 293 |
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Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Synonyms of Tourmaline
Other Language Names for Tourmaline
Basque:Turmalina
Bulgarian:Турмалин
Catalan:Turmalina
Croatian:Turmalini
Czech:Turmalín
Danish:Turmalin
Dutch:Toermalijn
Finnish:Turmaliini
Galician:Turmalina
German:Turmalin
Aphrysit
Aphryzit
Aschentrecker
Aschenzieher
Iochroit
Jochroit
Stangenschörl
Taltalit
Tourmalinit
Turmalingruppe
Xeuxit
Zeuxit
Afrika-smaragd (in part)
Aphrysit
Aphryzit
Aschentrecker
Aschenzieher
Iochroit
Jochroit
Stangenschörl
Taltalit
Tourmalinit
Turmalingruppe
Xeuxit
Zeuxit
Afrika-smaragd (in part)
Hebrew:טורמלין
Hungarian:Turmalincsoport
Italian:Tormalina
Latvian:Turmalīns
Lithuanian:Turmalinas
Malagasy:Torimalina
Norwegian:Turmalin
Polish:Turmalin
Portuguese:Turmalina
Romanian:Turmalină
Russian:Турмалины
Samogitian:Tormalėns
Slovak:Skupina turmalínu
Slovenian:Turmalin
Spanish:Turmalina
Swedish:Turmaliner
Thai:ทัวร์มาลีน
Varieties of Tourmaline
| Achroite | A colourless, sometimes fibrous variety of tourmaline (usually, but not always, elbaite or fluor-elbaite). |
| Cat's Eye Tourmaline | A trade name for tourmaline (of any species) showing chatoyancy. |
| Chrome-Tourmaline | A Cr-bearing tourmaline. |
| Indicolite | A blue gemmy variety of tourmaline (usually, but not always, elbaite or fluor-elbaite). |
| Mn-Tourmaline | An Mn-bearing tourmaline. |
| Mohrenkopfturmalin | Pale coloured tourmaline with blackish crystal termination. |
| Moor's head tourmaline | Pale coloured tourmaline with blackish crystal termination. |
| Nickel-bearing Tourmaline | A Ni-bearing tourmaline. |
| Rubellite | A red/pinkish gemmy Li-rich and more or less (Fe+Mg)-free variety of tourmaline (primarily elbaite or fluor-elbaite, but may also be olenite or liddicoatite). |
| Trapiche tourmaline | Variety showing six-spoked growth features. |
| Vanadium Tourmaline | A V-bearing tourmaline. |
| Verdelite | A green variety of tourmaline, most commonly elbaite or fluor-elbaite, but there are various other possibilities. |
| Watermelon Tourmaline | A variety of tourmaline (primarily elbaite, fluor-elbaite, and/or liddicoatite) with colour zoning showing a pink core and green rim, like a watermelon. |
Relationship of Tourmaline to other Species
Tourmaline Members:
| Adachiite | CaFe3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Alumino-oxy-rossmanite | ◻Al3Al6(Si5AlO18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Bosiite | NaFe3+3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Celleriite | ◻(Mn2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Chromium-dravite | NaMg3Cr3+6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Chromo-alumino-povondraite | NaCr3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Darrellhenryite | Na(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Dutrowite | Na(Fe2+2.5Ti0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ertlite | NaAl3Al6(Si4B2O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ferro-bosiite | NaFe3+3(Al4Fe2+2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Feruvite | CaFe2+3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-buergerite | NaFe3+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-dravite | NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-liddicoatite | Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-rossmanite | ◻(Al2Li)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Fluor-schorl | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-tsilaisite | NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Fluor-uvite | CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Foitite | ◻(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Liddicoatite | Ca(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Lucchesiite | CaFe2+3 Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Magnesio-dutrowite | Na(Mg2.5Ti0.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Magnesio-foitite | ◻(Mg2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Magnesio-lucchesiite | CaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Maruyamaite | K(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Olenite | NaAl3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Oxy-chromium-dravite | NaCr3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Oxy-dravite | Na(Al2Mg)(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Oxy-foitite | ◻(Fe2+Al2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Oxy-rossmanite | ◻(Li0.5Al2.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | |
| Oxy-schorl | Na(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Oxy-uvite | CaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | |
| Oxy-vanadium-dravite | NaV3(V4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Povondraite | NaFe3+3(Mg2Fe3+4)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Princivalleite | Na(Mn2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Rossmanite | ◻(LiAl2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Schorl | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Tsilaisite | NaMn2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| UM2000-64-SiO:BFeHKMg | (K,Na)Fe3+3(Mg2Fe3+4)Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3O | |
| UM2008-52-SiO:AlBCaFFeHLiMgNa | (Ca,Na,◻)(Al,Li,Fe,Mg)3Al6[Si6O18](BO3)3(OH,O)3(F,O) | |
| Unnamed (F analogue of feruvite) | CaFe2+3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | |
| Unnamed (Mn2+-F-analogue of foitite) | ◻(Mn2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F ? | |
| Unnamed (O2-analogue of rossmanite & fluor-rossmanite) | Li-Al-Si-B-O-H | |
| Unnamed (Pb-analogue of Fluor-liddicoatite) | Pb(Li2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F | |
| Uvite | CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite | NaV3(Cr4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Vanadio-oxy-dravite | NaV3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Tourmaline in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Tourmaline
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References for Tourmaline
Reference List:
Vernadsky, W. (1914) Über die chemische Formel der Turmaline. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 53 (1). 273-288 doi:10.1524/zkri.1914.53.1.273
Buerger, M. J.; Parrish, William (1937) The unit cell and space group of tourmaline (an example of inspective equi-inclination treatment of trigonal crystals). American Mineralogist, 22 (12). 1139-1150
Donnay, G. H., Buerger, M. J. (1950) The determination of the crystal structure of tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica, 3 (5) 379-388 doi:10.1107/s0365110x50001051
Manning, P. G. (1969) An optical absorption study of the origin of colour and pleochroism in pink and brown tourmalines. The Canadian Mineralogist, 9 (5) 678-690
Donnay, G. (1977) Structural mechanism of pyroelectricity in tourmaline. Acta Crystallographica Section A, 33 (6) 927-932 doi:10.1107/s0567739477002241
Foit, Franklin F., Rosenberg, Philip E. (1979) The structure of vanadium-bearing tourmaline and its implications regarding tourmaline solid solutions. American Mineralogist, 64 (7-8) 788-798
Manning, D. A. C. (1982) Chemical and morphological variation in tourmalines from the Hub Kapong batholith of peninsular Thailand. Mineralogical Magazine, 45 (337) 139-147 doi:10.1180/minmag.1982.045.337.16 pp.139-147
Mattson, Stephanie M., Rossman, George R. (1984) Ferric iron in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 11 (5) 225-234 doi:10.1007/bf00308137
Henry, Darrell J., Guidotti, Charles V. (1985) Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: an example from the staurolite-grade metapelites of NW Maine. American Mineralogist, 70 (1-2) 1-15
Mattson, Stephanie M., Rossman, George R. (1987) Fe2+-Fe3+ interactions in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 14 (2) 163-171 doi:10.1007/bf00308220
Mattson, Stephanie M., Rossman, George R. (1987) Identifying characteristics of charge transfer transitions in minerals. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 14 (1) 94-99 doi:10.1007/bf00311152
Gonzalez-Carreño, T., Fernández, M., Sanz, J. (1988) Infrared and electron microprobe analysis of tourmalines. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 15 (5). 452-460 doi:10.1007/bf00311124
Foit, Franklin F., Jr., (1989) Crystal chemistry of alkali-deficient schorl and tourmaline structural relationships. American Mineralogist, 74 (3-4) 422-431
Morgan, George B., London, David (1989) Experimental reactions of amphibolite with boron-bearing aqueous fluids at 200 MPa: implications for tourmaline stability and partial melting in mafic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 102 (3) 281-297 doi:10.1007/bf00373721
Nicollet, Christian (1990) Occurrences of grandidierite, serendibite and tourmaline near Ihosy, southern Madagascar. Mineralogical Magazine, 54 (374) 131-133 doi:10.1180/minmag.1990.054.374.16
Henry, Darrell J., Dutrow, Barbara L. (1992) Tourmaline in a low grade clastic metasedimentary rock: an example of the petrogenetic potential of tourmaline. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 112 (2) 203-218 doi:10.1007/bf00310455
Hawthorne, Frank C., Macdonald, Daniel J., Burns, Peter C. (1993) Reassignment of cation site occupancies in tourmaline: Al-Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite. American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 265-270
London, David, Manning, David A. C. (1995) Chemical variation and significance of tourmaline from Southwest England. Economic Geology, 90 (3) 495-519 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.3.495
Michailidis, Kleopas, Kassoli-Fournaraki, Anna, Dietrich, Richard V. (1996) Origin of zoned tourmalines in graphite-rich metasedimentary rocks from Macedonia, northern Greece. European Journal of Mineralogy, 8 (2) 393-404 doi:10.1127/ejm/8/2/0393
Smith, M.P., Yardley, B.W.D. (1996) The boron isotopic composition of tourmaline as a guide to fluid processes in the southwestern England orefield: An ion microprobe study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60 (8) 1415-1427 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00007-5
Sperlich, Ruedi, Gieré, Reto, Frey, Martin (1996) Evolution of compositional polarity and zoning in tourmaline during prograde metamorphism of sedimentary rocks in the Swiss Central Alps. American Mineralogist, 81 (9). 1222-1236 doi:10.2138/am-1996-9-1021
Povondra, P., Vrána, S. (1996) Tourmaline and associated minerals in alkali-feldspar orthogneiss near Hluboká nad Vltavou, southern Bohemia. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 41 (3-4) 191-200
Sperlich, Ruedi, Gieré, Reto, Frey, Martin (1996) Evolution of compositional polarity and zoning in tourmaline during prograde metamorphism of sedimentary rocks in the Swiss Central Alps. American Mineralogist, 81 (9). 1222-1236 doi:10.2138/am-1996-9-1021
Gasharova, Biliana, Mihailova, Boriana, Konstantinov, Ludmil (1997) Raman spectra of various types of tourmaline. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9 (5) 935-940 doi:10.1127/ejm/9/5/0935
Chaussidon, Marc, Uitterdijk Appel, Peter W. (1997) Boron isotopic composition of tourmalines from the 3.8-Ga-old Isua supracrustals, West Greenland: implications on the δ11B value of early Archean seawater. Chemical Geology, 136 (3) 171-180 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(96)00140-4
Wolf, Michael B., London, David (1997) Boron in granitic magmas: stability of tourmaline in equilibrium with biotite and cordierite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 130 (1) 12-30 doi:10.1007/s004100050346
Jiang, S. Y. (1998) Stable and radiogenic isotope studies of tourmaline: an overview. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 43 (1-2) 75-90
Dyar, M. Darby, Taylor, Marjorie E., Lutz, Timothy M., Francis, Carl A., Guidotti, Charles V., Wise, Michael (1998) Inclusive chemical characterization of tourmaline: Mössbauer study of Fe valence and site occupancy. American Mineralogist, 83 (7-8). 848-864 doi:10.2138/am-1998-7-817
Novák, M., Selway, J. B., Houzar, S. (1998) Potassium-bearing, fluorine-rich tourmaline from metamorphosed fluorite layer in leucocratic orthogneiss at Nedvědice, Svratka Unit, western Moravia. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 43 (1-2) 37-44
Hawthorne, Frank C., Henrys, Darrell J. (1999) Classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (2) 201-216 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/2/0201
Henry, Darrell J., Kirkland, Brenda L., Kirkland, Douglas W. (1999) Sector-zoned tourmaline from the cap rock of a salt dome. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (2) 263-280 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/2/0263
Dyar, M. Darby, Guidotti, Charles V., Core, Daniel P., Wearn, Katherine M., Wise, Michael A., Francis, Carl A., Johnson, Kathleen, Brady, John B., Robertson, J. David, Cross, Laura R. (1999) Stable isotope and crystal chemistry of tourmaline across pegmatite - country rock boundaries at Black Mountain and Mount Mica, southwestern Maine, U.S.A. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (2) 281-294 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/2/0281
Keller, Paul, Roda Robles, Encarnación, Pesquera Pérez, Alfonso, Fontan, François (1999) Chemistry, paragenesis and significance of tourmaline in pegmatites of the Southern Tin Belt, central Namibia. Chemical Geology, 158 (3) 203-225 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00045-5
Pieczka, Adam (1999) Statistical interpretation of structural parameters of tourmalines: the ordering of ions in the octahedral sites. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (2) 243-252 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/2/0243
Tagg, S. L., Cho, Herman, Dyar, M. Darby, Grew, Edward S. (1999) Tetrahedral boron in naturally occurring tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 84 (9) 1451-1455 doi:10.2138/am-1999-0925
Dutrow, B. L., Henry, D. J. (2000) COMPLEXLY ZONED FIBROUS TOURMALINE, CRUZEIRO MINE, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL: A RECORD OF EVOLVING MAGMATIC AND HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38 (1) 131-143 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.38.1.131
Pieczka, Adam (2000) Modelling of some structural parameters of tourmalines on the basis of their chemical composition. I. Ordered structure model. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12 (3) 589-596 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0589
Kawakami, T. (2001) Tourmaline breakdown in the migmatite zone of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 19 (1) 61-75 doi:10.1046/j.0263-4929.2000.00298.x
Hughes, Karrie-Ann, Hughes, John M., Dyar, M. Darby (2001) Chemical and structural evidence for [4]B [4]Si substitution in natural tourmalines. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13 (4) 743-747 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0743
Kawakami, T. (2001) Boron depletion controlled by the breakdown of tourmaline in the migmatite zone of the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, southwestern Japan. The Canadian Mineralogist, 39 (6). 1529-1546 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.39.6.1529
Cámara, Fernando, Ottolini, Luisa, Hawthorne, Frank C. (2002) Crystal chemistry of three tourmalines by SREF, EMPA, and SIMS. American Mineralogist, 87 (10) 1437-1442 doi:10.2138/am-2002-1021
Ertl, A., Hughes, J. M., Pertlik, F., Foit, F. F., Wright, S. E., Brandstätter, F., Marler, B. (2002) Polyhedron distortions in tourmaline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40 (1). 153-162 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.40.1.153
Hawthorne, F. C. (2002) Bond-valence constraints on the chemical composition of tourmaline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40 (3). 789-797 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.40.3.789
Tindle, A. G., Breaks, F. W., Selway, J. B. (2002) Tourmaline in petalite-subtype granitic pegmatites: evidence of fractionation and contamination from the Pakeagama Lake and Separation Lake areas of NW Ontario, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40 (3) 753-788 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.40.3.753
Bebout, Gray E.; Nakamura, Eizo (2003) Record in metamorphic tourmalines of subduction-zone devolatilization and boron cycling. Geology, 31 (5). 407-410 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0407:rimtos>2.0.co;2
Torres-Ruiz, J, Pesquera, A, Gil-Crespo, P.P, Velilla, N (2003) Origin and petrogenetic implications of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera, southeastern Spain) Chemical Geology, 197 (1) 55-86 doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(02)00357-1
Ertl, Andreas, Hughes, John M., Prowatke, Stefan, Rossman, George R., London, David, Fritz, Eric A. (2004) Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and relations to synthetic solid solutions. American Mineralogist, 88 (8) 1369-1376 doi:10.2138/am-2003-8-921
Novák, Milan, Povondra, Pavel, Selway, Julie B. (2004) Schorl-oxy-schorl to dravite-oxy-dravite tourmaline from granitic pegmatites; examples from the Moldanubicum, Czech Republic. European Journal of Mineralogy, 16 (2) 323-333 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2004/0016-0323
Bosi, F., Agrosì, G., Lucchesi, S., Melchiorre, G., Scandale, E. (2005) Mn-tourmaline from island of Elba (Italy): Crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist, 90 (10) 1661-1668 doi:10.2138/am.2005.1852
Agrosi, G. (2006) Mn-tourmaline crystals from island of Elba (Italy): Growth history and growth marks. American Mineralogist, 91 (5) 944-952 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1978
van Hinsberg, V. J. (2006) Hourglass sector zoning in metamorphic tourmaline and resultant major and trace-element fractionation. American Mineralogist, 91 (5) 717-728 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1920
Clark, C. M. (2007) Tourmaline: Structural formula calculations. The Canadian Mineralogist, 45 (2). 229-237 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.45.2.229
da Fonseca-Zang, Warde A., Zang, Joachim W., Hofmeister, Wolfgang (2008) The Ti-influence on the tourmaline color. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 19. 1186-1192 doi:10.1590/s0103-50532008000600020
Ertl, A., Marschall, H. R., Giester, G., Henry, D. J., Schertl, H.-P., Ntaflos, T., Luvizotto, G. L., Nasdala, L., Tillmanns, E. (2010) Metamorphic ultrahigh-pressure tourmaline: Structure, chemistry, and correlations to P-T conditions. American Mineralogist, 95 (1) 1-10 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3283
Hawthorne, F. C., Dirlam, D. M. (2011) Tourmaline the Indicator Mineral: From Atomic Arrangement to Viking Navigation. Elements, 7 (5) 307-312 doi:10.2113/gselements.7.5.307
Henry, Darrell J., Dutrow, Barbara L. (2011) The incorporation of fluorine in tourmaline: internal crystallographic controls or external environmental influences?, in Tourmaline: An ideal indicator of its host environment. The Canadian Mineralogist, 49 (1) 41-56 doi:10.3749/canmin.49.1.41
Henry, Darell J., Novak, Milan, Hawthorne, Frank C., Ertl, Andreas, Dutrow, Barbara L., Uher, Pavel, Pezzotta, Federico (2011) Nomenclature of the tourmaline-supergroup minerals. American Mineralogist, 96 (5) 895-913 doi:10.2138/am.2011.3636 erratum in American Mineralogist (2013) 98: 524
Setkova, Tatiana, Shapovalov, Yury, Balitsky, Vladimir (2011) Growth of tourmaline single crystals containing transition metal elements in hydrothermal solutions. Journal of Crystal Growth, 318 (1). 904-907 doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.11.044
Slack, J. F., Trumbull, R. B. (2011) Tourmaline as a recorder of ore-forming processes. Elements, 7 (5). 321-326 doi:10.2113/gselements.7.5.321
Pezzotta, F., Laurs, B. M. (2011) Tourmaline: The Kaleidoscopic Gemstone. Elements, 7 (5) 333-338 doi:10.2113/gselements.7.5.333
Henry, D. J., Dutrow, B. L. (2012) Tourmaline at diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions: Its petrologic applicability. Lithos, 154. 16-32 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.08.013
Vereshchagin, Oleg S., Rozhdestvenskaya, Ira V., Frank-Kamenetskaya, Olga V., Zolotarev, Anatoly A. (2014) Ion substitutions and structural adjustment in Cr-bearing tourmalines. European Journal of Mineralogy, 26 (2) 309-321 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2014/0026-2372
Fantini, C., Tavares, M. C., Krambrock, K., Moreira, R. L., Righi, A. (2014) Raman and infrared study of hydroxyl sites in natural uvite, fluor-uvite, magnesio-foitite, dravite and elbaite tourmalines. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 41 (4) 247-254 doi:10.1007/s00269-013-0642-0
Kutzschbach, Martin, Wunder, Bernd, Rhede, Dieter, Koch-Müller, Monika, Ertl, Andreas, Giester, Gerald, Heinrich, Wilhelm, Franz, Gerhard (2016) Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism: Tetrahedral boron in natural and synthetic HP/UHP tourmaline: Evidence from Raman spectroscopy, EMPA, and single-crystal XRD. American Mineralogist, 101 (1) 93-104 doi:10.2138/am-2016-5341
Berryman, E. J., Wunder, B., Ertl, A., Koch-Müller, M., Rhede, D., Scheidl, K., Giester, G., Heinrich, W. (2016) Influence of the X-site composition on tourmaline’s crystal structure: investigation of synthetic K-dravite, dravite, oxy-uvite, and magnesio-foitite using SREF and Raman spectroscopy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 43 (2) 83-102 doi:10.1007/s00269-015-0776-3
Hawthorne, Frank C. (2016) Short-range atomic arrangements in minerals. I: The minerals of the amphibole, tourmaline and pyroxene supergroups. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28 (3) 513-536 doi:10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2538
Taran, Michail N., Naumenko, Ievgen V. (2016) Usambara effect in tourmaline: optical spectroscopy and colourimetric studies. Mineralogical Magazine, 80 (5) 705-717 doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.016
Watenphul, Anke, Burgdorf, Martina, Schlüter, Jochen, Horn, Ingo, Malcherek, Thomas, Mihailova, Boriana (2016) Exploring the potential of Raman spectroscopy for crystallochemical analyses of complex hydrous silicates: II. Tourmalines. American Mineralogist, 101 (4) 970-985 doi:10.2138/am-2016-5530
Watenphul, Anke, Schlüter, Jochen, Bosi, Ferdinando, Skogby, Henrik, Malcherek, Thomas, Mihailova, Boriana (2016) Influence of the octahedral cationic-site occupancies on the framework vibrations of Li-free tourmalines, with implications for estimating temperature and oxygen fugacity in host rocks. American Mineralogist, 101 (11) 2554-2563 doi:10.2138/am-2016-5820
Pesquera, A., Gil-Crespo, P. P., Torres-Ruiz, F., Torres-Ruiz, J., Roda-Robles, E. (2016) A multiple regression method for estimating Li in tourmaline from electron microprobe analyses. Mineralogical Magazine, 80 (6) 1129-1133 doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.046a
Bosi, Ferdinando, Cámara, Fernando, Ciriotti, Marco E., Hålenius, Ulf, Reznitskii, Leonid, Stagno, Vincenzo (2017) Crystal-chemical relations and classification problems in tourmalines belonging to the oxy-schorl–oxy-dravite–bosiite–povondraite series. European Journal of Mineralogy, 29 (3) 445-455 doi:10.1127/ejm/2017/0029-2616
Bosi, Ferdinando (2018) Tourmaline crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist, 103 (2) 298-306 doi:10.2138/am-2018-6289
Henry, D. J., Dutrow, B. L. (2018) Tourmaline studies through time: contributions to scientific advancements. Journal of GEOsciences, 63 (2) 77-98
Dutrow, B. L., Henry, D. J. (2018) Tourmaline compositions and textures: reflections of the fluid phase. Journal of GEOsciences, 63 (2) 99-110
Ertl, Andreas, Henry, Darrell J., Tillmanns, Ekkehart (2018) Tetrahedral substitutions in tourmaline: a review. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (3) 465-470 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2732
Bačík, P. (2018) The crystal-chemical autopsy of octahedral sites in Na-dominant tourmalines: octahedral metrics model unconstrained by the Y,Z-site disorder assignment. Journal of GEOsciences, 63 (2) 137-154
Vereshchagin, Oleg S., Frank-Kamenetskaya, Olga V., Rozhdestvenskaya, Ira V., Zolotarev, Anatoly A. (2018) Incorporation of 3d elements in tourmalines: structural adjustments and stability. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (5) 917-928 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2781
Drivenes, K. (2022) Sn-rich tourmaline from the Land’s End granite, SW England. Journal of GEOsciences, 67 (2) 173-189
Cámara, F., Bosi, F., Skogby, H., Hålenius, U., Celata, B., Ciriotti, M.E. (2022) Schorl-1A from Langesundsfjord (Norway) Journal of Geosciences, 67 (2) 129-139 doi:10.3190/jgeosci.344
Bačík, P., Odzín, D., Uher, P., Chovan, M. (2022) Crystal chemistry and evolution of tourmaline in tourmalinites from Zlatá Idka, Slovakia. Journal of GEOsciences, 67 (2) 209-222
Dutrow, B., Henry, D. (2022) Calcium-rich dravite from the Arignac Gypsum Mine, France: Implications for tourmaline development in a sulfate-rich, highly magnesian meta-evaporite. Journal of GEOsciences, 67 (2) 191-207
Mauro, D., Biagioni, C., Hålenius, U., Skogby, H., Dottorini, V., Bosi, F. (2022) Nickel- and Fe3+-rich oxy-dravite from the Artana Mn prospect, Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy) Journal of GEOsciences, 67 (2) 141-150
Ertl, Andreas (2023) Are the [6]-coordinated sites in tourmaline in certain cases partially vacant?. Mineralogy and Petrology, 117 (2) 201-207 doi:10.1007/s00710-023-00815-4
Altieri, Alessandra, Pezzotta, Federico, Andreozzi, Giovanni B., Skogby, Henrik, Bosi, Ferdinando (2023) Genetic model for the color anomalies at the termination of pegmatitic gem tourmaline crystals from the island of Elba, Italy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 35 (5) 755-771 doi:10.5194/ejm-35-755-2023
Significant localities for Tourmaline
Showing 131 significant localities out of 13,302 recorded on mindat.org.
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The Locality List
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(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
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All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Shigar Valley, Shigar District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan