Valentinite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Valentinite
Basil Valentine
Formula:
Sb2O3
Colour:
Colourless, white, light gray, light yellow
Lustre:
Adamantine, Pearly
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
5.76
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after Basilius Valentinus (Anglicized: Basil Valentine) (1394? Mainz, Germany - 1450 Germany?), who wrote about the properties of antimony. Valentinus may have been a real 15th-century chemist, but some historians argue that it was a pseudonym used by one or more 16th-century German authors.
Whoever he was, Basil Valentine had considerable knowledge of chemistry. He demonstrated that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkali on salammoniac (ammonium chloride), described the production of hydrochloric acid by acidifying brine of common salt (sodium chloride), and created ethyl chloride and oil of vitriol (sulfuric acid), among other achievements.
Whoever he was, Basil Valentine had considerable knowledge of chemistry. He demonstrated that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkali on salammoniac (ammonium chloride), described the production of hydrochloric acid by acidifying brine of common salt (sodium chloride), and created ethyl chloride and oil of vitriol (sulfuric acid), among other achievements.
Dimorph of:
This page provides mineralogical data about Valentinite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4135
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4135:1
IMA Classification of Valentinite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Valentinite
4.CB.55
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4.3.11.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
7.13.4
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Vln | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Valentinite
Adamantine, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white, light gray, light yellow
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {110}, imperfect on {010}
on {110}, imperfect on {010}
Density:
5.76 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.76 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Valentinite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.180 nβ = 2.350 nγ = 2.350
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.170
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
extreme
Chemistry of Valentinite
Mindat Formula:
Sb2O3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As
Crystallography of Valentinite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pccn
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.91 Å, b = 12.46 Å, c = 5.42 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.394 : 1 : 0.435
Unit Cell V:
331.59 Ă
Âł (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Commonly prismatic either [001] or [100]; also tabular {010}. Prism faces often rounded by striations parallel to [001], and the brachydomes are striated [100]. Fan-shaped or stellate aggregates, in bundles and druses and as aggregates of thin plates. Massive, with lamellar, columnar, or granular structure.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000015 | Valentinite | Buerger M J (1936) The crystal structure of valentinite American Mineralogist 21 206-207 | 1936 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0009500 | Valentinite | Svensson C (1974) The crystal structure of orthorhombic antimony trioxide, Sb2O3 Acta Crystallographica B30 458-461 |  | 1974 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0010568 | Valentinite | Buerger M J, Hendricks S B (1938) The crystal structure of valentinite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 98 1-30 |  | 1938 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012431 | Valentinite | Whitten A E, Dittrich B, Spackman M A, Turner P, Brown T C (2004) Charge density analysis of two polymorphs of antimony(III) oxide Dalton Transactions 2004 23-29 | 2004 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.571 Ă | (18) |
| 3.494 Ă | (25) |
| 3.174 Ă | (20) |
| 3.142 Ă | (100) |
| 3.118 Ă | (75) |
| 2.650 Ă | (14) |
| 1.8046 Ă | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Type Occurrence of Valentinite
Synonyms of Valentinite
Other Language Names for Valentinite
French:Antimoine oxydé
Chaux d'antimoine natif
ExitĂšle
Acide antimonieux (in part)
Chaux d'antimoine natif
ExitĂšle
Acide antimonieux (in part)
German:Valentinit
AntimonblĂŒte
Antimonige SĂ€ure
Antimonophyllit
Antimon-Phyllit
Antimonphyllit
Antimonspat
Antimonspath
WeiĂspieĂglanzerz
WeiĂspieĂglaserz
AntimonblĂŒte
Antimonige SĂ€ure
Antimonophyllit
Antimon-Phyllit
Antimonphyllit
Antimonspat
Antimonspath
WeiĂspieĂglanzerz
WeiĂspieĂglaserz
Italian:Antimonio bianco
Russian:ĐĐ°Đ»Đ”ĐœŃĐžĐœĐžŃ
Swedish:Antimonblomma
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 200 photos of Valentinite associated with Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| 111 photos of Valentinite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 92 photos of Valentinite associated with Kermesite | Sb2S2O |
| 76 photos of Valentinite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 50 photos of Valentinite associated with Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 49 photos of Valentinite associated with Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 46 photos of Valentinite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 39 photos of Valentinite associated with Native Antimony | Sb |
| 26 photos of Valentinite associated with Native Sulphur | S8 |
| 17 photos of Valentinite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CB. | Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S | Mg5Al11TiO23(OH) |
| 4.CB. | Ferrohögbomite-2N2S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB. | Zhenruite | (MoO3)2 · H2O |
| 4.CB. | Fuyuanite | Mg7Nb6O18(OH)8 |
| 4.CB. | Virgilluethite | MoO3 · H2O |
| 4.CB. | Pengite | (Pb8Sb3+3)ÎŁ11Sb5+9O35 |
| 4.CB.05 | Brizziite | NaSb5+O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Tistarite | Ti3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ecandrewsite | ZnTiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Melanostibite | Mn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6 |
| 4.CB.05 | UM1998-11-O-AuHSb | Au+2Sb3+O2(OH) |
| 4.CB.05 | Karelianite | V3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Eskolaite | Cr2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Geikielite | MgTiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Akimotoite | MgSiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide) | FeCrO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Auroantimonate | AuSbO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hemleyite | (Fe2+0.48Mg0.37Ca0.04Na0.04Mn2+0.03Al0.03Cr3+0.01)sum=1.00Si1.00O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Fe) | (Fe,Mn)2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Avicennite | Tl2O3 |
| 4.CB.15 | Armalcolite | (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Ferropseudobrookite | Fe2+Ti2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Griffinite | Al2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite Group | |
| 4.CB.15 | Sassite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincovelesite-6N6S | Zn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH) |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S | (Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)sum=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S | (Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N6S | [(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S | [(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Ferrohögbomite-6N12S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N2S | [(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.25 | Kleberite | FeTi6O11(OH)5 |
| 4.CB.25 | Pseudorutile | Fe2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.30 | Oxyvanite | V3+2V4+O5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Berdesinskiite | V3+2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Kaitianite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.35 | Machiite | Al2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Vestaite | (Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Olkhonskite | (Cr,V)2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Schreyerite | V3+2Ti4+3O9 |
| 4.CB.40 | Zincorinmanite-(Zn) | Zn2Sb2(Fe3+4Zn2)O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Majindeite | Mg2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Almagreraite | CuZnMn4+3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Kamiokite | Fe2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Nolanite | V3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Iseite | Mn2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Rinmanite | Zn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.45 | Stibioclaudetite | AsSbO3 |
| 4.CB.45 | Claudetite | As2O3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Arsenolite | As2O3 |
| 4.CB.60 | Bismite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.65 | Sphaerobismoite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.70 | Sillénite | Bi12SiO20 |
| 4.CB.75 | Kyzylkumite | V3+Ti2O5(OH) |
| 4.CB.80 | Tietaiyangite | Fe3+4Fe2+TiO9 |
| 4.CB.85 | Liuite | FeTiO3 |
| 4.CB.90 | Luogufengite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.95 | Wangdaodeite | FeTiO3 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube, it fuses and partially sublimates. Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, it fuses easily and gives a white coating.
Notes:
Soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Valentinite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4135.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Valentinite
Reference List:
Klaproth, M. H. (1802) XCIII. Chemische Untersuchung des WeiĂ-SpieĂglanzerzes. In BeitrĂ€ge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 3. Rottmann. p.183-186.
Ungemach, Henri (1912) Sur la valentinite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 35 (6) 539-552 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1912.3534
Buerger, M. J., Hendricks, Sterling B. (1938) The Crystal Structure of Valentinite (Orthorhombic Sb2O3). Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 98 (1). 1-30 doi:10.1524/zkri.1938.98.1.1
Mason, Brian, Vitaliano, Charles J. (1953) The mineralogy of the antimony oxides and antimonates. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 30 (221). 100-112 doi:10.1180/minmag.1953.030.221.03
Svensson, C. (1974) The crystal structure of orthorhombic antimony trioxide, Sb2O3. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 30 (2) 458-461 doi:10.1107/s0567740874002986
Gopalakrishnan, P.S., Manohar, H. (1975) Kinetics and mechanism of the transformation in antimony trioxide from orthorhombic valentinite to cubic senarmontite. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 15. 61-67 doi:10.1016/0022-4596(75)90271-6
Gopalakrishnan, P.S., Manohar, H. (1976) Topotactic oxidation of valentinite Sb2O3 to cervantite Sb2O4: Kinetics and mechanism. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 16. 301-306 doi:10.1016/0022-4596(76)90045-1
Localities for Valentinite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Jean-Pierre Barral specimen |
| BARRAL (2013) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) | |
Australia | |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| www.mindat.org (2015) |
| McLaughlan (1988) +1 other reference |
| TVM Specimen |
| Ralph Bottrill collection |
| WILKINSON (1971) |
| Bussat (1980) |
| Bussat (1980) | |
| I.M. Threadgold (1958) |
| en.wikipedia.org (2016) |
| Simpson (1952) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| C.Auer (2016) | |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| BlaĂ et al. (2002) | |
| H.Meixner (1974) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 158./78.:96-101 (1968) | |
| Paar et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Puttner (1987) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| GroĂ (1983) |
| Christian Auer collection | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Taucher (1999) |
| 50 +2 other references |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| - (1994) |
| Schachinger et al. (2017) |
| - (1994) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| Krause et al. (2025) |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| [MinRec 6:134 |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
| Wilson (2001) | |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1924) | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Moore (2001) |
| Alfredo Petrov and Jaroslav Hyrsl ... |
| Wilson (1997) +1 other reference |
| Spencer (1907) | |
| Dill et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| RadosavljeviÄ et al. (2016) |
Brazil | |
| USGS Professional Paper 341B |
Canada | |
| Ray et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1991) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Lake et al. (2006) |
| Grantham (1985) |
| Sabina (1964) +1 other reference |
| [MinRec 18:363 +3 other references |
Chile | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Zhen Meng et al. (2007) |
| Guozhong Chen et al. (2013) |
| Guangxi Zhao (2007) |
| Genwen Chen et al. (2008) |
| Chunlin Yang (1993) |
| Peixi Li (1993) |
| Ottens (2006) +1 other reference |
| Wang Binghua |
| Yongke Chen et al. (2004) |
| Zhiwei Bao (2001) |
| Yu Chen et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Yonghong Zhu et al. (2012) |
| Lin Yang et al. (2010) |
| Jihua Li et al. (2012) |
| Hanzhi Sun and Lei Lei (1988) +1 other reference |
| Zhifang Zeng and Hesheng Liu (2003) |
| Jianyan Li (1989) +2 other references |
| Guangmo Liu and Houming Jian (1983) +3 other references |
| Pengcheng Liu et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Jianhong Zheng et al. (2009) |
| Wilson et al. (2002) |
| Xiubao Huang and Quanshi Zuo (2001) |
| Leiming Xu et al. (1993) |
| Huiqin Zuo et al. (1991) |
| Lizi Chen et al. (2011) |
| Zhang Fuxin et al. (1999) +3 other references | |
| Fuxin Zhang and Jianqin Ma (1999) | |
| Gu et al. (2002) |
| Su Sun (1993) |
| Likuan Zhu et al. (2012) +2 other references |
| Hong Wang et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Yi Yang et al. (2006) |
| Wang et al. (2024) +2 other references |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2025) | |
Czech Republic | |
| |
| Brabec (2002) | |
| RĂSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Dr. GĂŒnter Grundmann collection |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 | |
| Fojt +8 other references |
| PauliĆĄ et al. (2019) |
| VeselovskĂœ (2019) | |
| Sejkora J et al. (2020) |
| Velebil +5 other references |
Ecuador | |
| an NI 43-101 Technical Report prepared ... +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Geological Survey of Finland website |
France | |
| J.-J. Périchaud: Les Minéraux d'Auvergne et al. (1985) |
| Blondieau et al. (2024) |
| |
| Fermis (2022) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| R. Pierrot |
| Gol (2011) |
| R. Pierrot +1 other reference | |
| Robin Fialip | |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| PĂ©richaud (1968) |
| PĂ©richaud (1968) | |
| PĂ©richaud (1968) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de DaĂŒ et al. (1999) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| |
| Yannick Vessely collection |
| |
| Henwood (1871) +1 other reference |
| Personally collected by Matthias Diot ... |
| T. Brunsperger collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| M. Bocianowski collection +1 other reference |
| Pierre Le Roch photo & collection |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Fluck et al. (1992, December) |
| Cassian (?) |
| Une ancienne mine d'Antimoine dans le Limousin aurifĂšre ( Georges Hyvert ) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Thiery et al. (2020) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Y. Moëlo |
| BONNET Frederic collection |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France Numéro 14 ( LozÚre ) |
| Robert Pecorini collection; EDX ... |
| Baret (1905) |
| |
| Mantienne (1974) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Self collected S. Maury |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1994) | |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| |
| |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| Meier (1995) |
| |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1989) | |
| BlaĂ et al. (1993) | |
| Schnorrer- Köhler et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Neil B collection | |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| BlaĂ et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Hucko et al. (2009) |
| Beyer (1978) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| WeiĂ (1990) | |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Klaproth (1802) |
| Tröger (2012) |
| 43-47 +3 other references |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
| Hanke (1998) | |
| Evaggelos Skoupras et al. (2022) |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
| Tzamos +9 other references |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
| Karup-MĂžller et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| SzakĂĄll: Minerals of RudabĂĄnya |
| Koch (1985) |
| |
| MAMIT | |
Isle of Man | |
| [J.Russell Soc 1998:35] |
Italy | |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference |
| dbami.amiminerals.it (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| BedognĂš et al. (2006) |
| SEM-EDS + micro-Raman on specimen of ... |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Pelloux (1904) +3 other references |
| Lovisato (1894) +2 other references |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Corsi (1896) +3 other references |
| D'Achiardi (1896) +4 other references |
| Raman Spectroscopy by Ivano Rochetti |
| Brizzi G. et al. (Casal di Pari-GR) |
| Brizzi G. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| M.E. Ciriotti (Alessandro Soccidi, 2006, pers. comm.) |
| D'Achiardi (1872-73) +1 other reference | |
| Meli (2000) |
| C. Lemanski (6791CL) | |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) | |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) |
| Sitta et al. (1981) |
| Innocenti F. et al. (Semproniano, Grosseto) |
| Benvenuti M. et al. (1992/93) |
| Biagioni et al. (2015) |
| Biagioni et al. (2009) |
| Nannoni R. et al. (PI) +1 other reference |
| European Jour. of Min.: 8:487-492 +3 other references |
Japan | |
| Minakawa (1982) |
| Field collected by Dr Hidemichi Hori +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
| University of Tokyo collection |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| University of Tokyo collection +1 other reference | |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
| Il'yasova +2 other references |
Luxembourg | |
| 43-45 +5 other references |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Loranth |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Richard Gunter Collection |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Richard Gunter specimen +1 other reference |
Mozambique | |
| Behier (1957) |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of Rod Martin |
| Collection of Rod Martin |
| Watson (1974) |
| R. Martin personal collection |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
North Macedonia | |
| Rieck (1993) +1 other reference |
| Mudrinic et al. (1997) |
| ÄorÄeviÄ et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Kvamsdal (2023) |
Portugal | |
| Bello |
| Pedro Alves analytical data |
| |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Damian +6 other references |
| SzakĂĄll: Minerals of Carpathian Reg. | |
| Gabor Koller specimens | |
| Damian +6 other references | |
| Marias Francisc | |
| Clain et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Volkov et al. (2013) |
| Volkov et al. (2015) |
| webmineral.ru (n.d.) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Goryachev et al. (2011) |
| Gamyanin et al. (2014) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. RadosavljeviÄ et al. (2013) | |
| Slobodan A. RadosavljeviÄ +4 other references |
Slovakia | |
| KodÄra (1986) |
| KodÄra (1986) |
| ÄĂk Ć . et al. (2020) |
| KodÄra (1986) | |
| KodÄra (1986) |
| Ferenc Ć . |
| Ć tevko et al. (2009) |
| ÄuÄa (1993) |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references |
| OzdĂn D. | |
| Laco Turecky collection | |
| Ć tevko M. et al. (2021) | |
| KodÄra (1986) |
| PauliĆĄ et al. (2002) | |
| Martin Ć tevko-unpublished | |
| KodÄra (1986) |
| Ć tevko M. (2022) |
| OzdĂn D. et al. (in Slovak) +1 other reference |
| Ć tevko M. (2022) | |
| KodÄra |
| KodÄra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| KodÄra (1986) | |
| Duda |
| Chovan et al. (1995) |
Slovenia | |
| Janez ZavaĆĄnik collection +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Williams-Jones et al. (1997) |
Spain | |
| Valladares et al. (2021) |
| Silva (2002) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Eduardo Alonso Herrero et al. Guia ... |
| Lacasa (1934) | |
| Joan Rosell-Riba +4 other references |
| |
| Xevi Ortiz collection. |
| JimĂ©nez MartĂnez |
| Calvo (2009) |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| BedognĂš et al. (2006) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Meisser N. et al. (2020) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
Thailand | |
| Dill et al. (2008) |
Turkey | |
| Aral (1989) |
| Aral (1989) | |
| Arik (2012) |
UK | |
| S. Rust collection. Ex Mike Rothwell ID ... |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Tindle (2008) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury (1957) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Williams (1973) +1 other reference |
| Rust (2022) |
| Williams (1973) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp134-137 |
| Pearcy et al. (1993) |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1915) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Pemberton (1972) +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1941) +1 other reference |
| Behre et al. (1921) +1 other reference |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| Rogers (1912) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| Weber (1963) +3 other references |
| Goldsmith (1873) +1 other reference | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:262 |
| Anderson |
| Hawley et al. (1960) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| U.S.G.S. Bulletin 973E +1 other reference |
| U.S.G.S. Bulletin 973E +1 other reference | |
| U.S.G.S. Bulletin 973E +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| USGS Bull 723 +1 other reference |
| Ferguson (1924) +1 other reference | |
| Field collected by Daniel Evanich |
| Field collected by Daniel Evanich ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wagner |
| K. Starnes |
| K. Starnes |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Tom Loomis |
| Bart Cannon specimens and labels |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
Vietnam | |
| Shunso Ishihara and Pham Tich Xuan (2013) |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) | |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) |
Quick NavTopAbout ValentiniteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Nador N'Bails Mine, Djebel Nador, Hammam N'Bails District, Guelma Province, Algeria