Columbite-(Fe)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Columbite-(Fe)
Formula:
Fe2+Nb2O6
Colour:
Black to brownish black
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
5.2 - 6.65
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1801 by Charles Hatchett (1765-1847) from a specimen collected in the mid-17th century in a place called Nautneague (now regarded as Haddam, Connecticut, USA). The specimen was from the mineral collection of John Winthrop (1606–1676), governor of Connecticut and was given to Hans Sloane by John Winthrop (1681–1747) who was the grandson of the governor with the same name. From the type specimen, Hatchett named the new element columbium (now called niobium). The current species, columbite-(Fe) retains the old root name and has the suffix -(Fe) to indicate the dominance of iron in the species. Columbite was the second species named from the USA, after celestine (q.v.)
Columbite-(Fe)-Tantalite-(Fe) Series and the Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series.
Formerly known as columbite and ferrocolumbite.
Compare also ixiolite.
Formerly known as columbite and ferrocolumbite.
Compare also ixiolite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1514
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1514:7
IMA Classification of Columbite-(Fe)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Columbite-(Fe)
4.DB.35
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
8.3.2.2
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
18.1.42
18 : Niobates and Tantalates
1 : Niobates and tantalates containing neither rare earths nor U
18 : Niobates and Tantalates
1 : Niobates and tantalates containing neither rare earths nor U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Clb-Fe | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Clf | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Columbite-(Fe)
Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Commonly tarnishes to iridescent.
Colour:
Black to brownish black
Comment:
Reddish brown in transmitted light.
Streak:
Black to dark brown.
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=652 - 739 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {100}, less distinct on {010}
Distinct on {100}, less distinct on {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
5.2 - 6.65 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.43 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Columbite-(Fe)
Type:
Biaxial (-)
Dispersion:
relatively strong r < v
Colour in reflected light:
Grayish white with brownish tint
Internal Reflections:
Reddish
Chemistry of Columbite-(Fe)
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+Nb2O6
Elements listed:
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Proterozoic : 1082.3 ± 4.5 Ma to 908.9 ± 1.4 Ma - based on 7 recorded ages.
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| MgO | 0,63 % | 0,56 % |
| MnO | 6,57 % | 6,69 % |
| FeO | 10,55 % | 11,13 % |
| Sc2O3 | 1,69 % | 1,38 % |
| TiO2 | 2,38 % | 2,35 % |
| Nb2O5 | 68,82 % | 68,84 % |
| Ta2O5 | 9,01 % | 9,18 % |
| Total: | 96 % | 97 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Atagoyama, Koriyama City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan | ||
| 2 | " " |
Crystallography of Columbite-(Fe)
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbcn
Cell Parameters:
a = 14.266(1) Å, b = 5.7321(4) Å, c = 5.0503(4) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.489 : 1 : 0.881
Unit Cell V:
412.98 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Short prismatic or equant also flat tabular
Twinning:
Common on {021} and {023}
Comment:
Strong subcell has a/3.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001435 | Columbite-(Fe) | Wenger M, Armbruster T, Geiger C A (1991) Cation distribution in partially ordered columbite from the Kings Mountain pegmatite, North Carolina American Mineralogist 76 1897-1904 |  | 1991 | 0 | 100 | |
| 0001436 | Columbite-(Fe) | Wenger M, Armbruster T, Geiger C A (1991) Cation distribution in partially ordered columbite from the Kings Mountain pegmatite, North Carolina American Mineralogist 76 1897-1904 | | 1991 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003847 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003848 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003851 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003852 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 873 | |
| 0003853 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 923 | |
| 0003854 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 923 | |
| 0003855 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0003856 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 973 | |
| 0003857 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0003858 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 1073 | |
| 0003859 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M (2005) Mixing and ordering behavior in manganocolumbite-ferrocolumbite solid solution: A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 90 1291-1300 | | 2005 | 0 | 1223 | |
| 0008842 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M, Pistorino M, Domeneghetti M C (2003) High-temperature X-ray investigation of natural columbites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 590-598 | 2003 | San Jose de Safira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0008843 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M, Pistorino M, Domeneghetti M C (2003) High-temperature X-ray investigation of natural columbites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 590-598 | 2003 | San Jose de Safira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 573 | |
| 0008844 | Columbite-(Fe) | Tarantino S C, Zema M, Pistorino M, Domeneghetti M C (2003) High-temperature X-ray investigation of natural columbites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 590-598 | 2003 | San Jose de Safira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 873 | |
| 0018629 | Columbite-(Fe) | dos Santos C A, Zawislak L I, Kinast E J, Antonietti V, da Cunha J B M (2001) Crystal chemistry and structure of the orthorhombic (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 family of compounds Brazilian Journal of Physics 31 616-631 | 2001 | Brazil | 0 | 293 | |
| 0016267 | Columbite-(Fe) | Bordet P, McHale A, Santoro A, Roth R (1986) Powder neutron diffraction study of ZrTiO4, Zr5Ti7O24 and FeNb2O6 _cod_database_code 1008356 Journal of Solid State Chemistry 64 30-46 | 1986 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
Accessory mineral in granitic pegmatites, rarely in carbonatites and as placer deposits.
Type Occurrence of Columbite-(Fe)
Synonyms of Columbite-(Fe)
Columbite-Tantalite (in part)
Tantalo-niobate (in part)
Other Language Names for Columbite-(Fe)
Dutch:Columbiet-(Fe)
German:Columbit-(Fe)
Ferrocolumbit
Ferrocolumbit
Italian:Ferrocolumbite
Japanese:鉄コルンブ石
Russian:Ферроколумбит
Simplified Chinese:铌铁矿
Spanish:Ferrocolumbita
Traditional Chinese:鈮鐵礦
Varieties of Columbite-(Fe)
Relationship of Columbite-(Fe) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Columbite Group:
| Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 | Orth. |
| Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 231 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 104 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 92 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 52 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 46 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| 41 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| 32 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 30 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Cleavelandite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 28 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 21 photos of Columbite-(Fe) associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DB. | Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB. | Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | Sn1-xFexO2-x(OH) |
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tredouxite | NiSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15b | Akhtenskite | ε-Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Nioboixiolite-([]) | (Nb0.8◻0.2)4+O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Ta0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Ta0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Nioboixiolite-(Fe3+) | (Nb0.5Fe3+0.5)O2 |
| 4.DB.30 va | Wolframite Group | |
| 4.DB.30 | Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalaeschynite-(Ce) | Ce(TiTa)O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Tantalowodginite | (Mn2+0.5◻0.5)TaTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Paramagnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Ore source for niobium.
Internet Links for Columbite-(Fe)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1514.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Columbite-(Fe)
Reference List:
Ercit, T. Scott, Wise, Michael A., Cerny, Petr (1995) Compositional and structural systematics of the columbite group. American Mineralogist, 80 (5) 613-619 doi:10.2138/am-1995-5-619
Kinast, E. J., Isnard, O., da Cunha, J. B. M., de Vasconcellos, M. A. Z., dos Santos, C. A. (2011) A new approach for the determination of multiple cation locations and ordering, using the example of natural and heat-treated columbites. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 44 (4). 738-746 doi:10.1107/s0021889811023211
Localities for Columbite-(Fe)
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Betts (n.d.) |
Angola | |
| Antonio Olimpio Gonçalves et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| COLOMBO +1 other reference |
| Minerals acquired from Mr. Nelson ... |
| American Mineralogist (1978) +1 other reference |
| Bardelli et al. (2018) |
| Galliski et al. (2015) |
| Franchini et al. (2005) |
Australia | |
| Costas Constantinides collection |
| Sutherland |
| PA Wulser - unpublished data |
| Personally collected by Ryan Eagle in ... |
| Eagle et al. (2015) | |
| The Canadian Mineralogist |
| Western Australian Mines Department (1947) |
| Jacobson (1997) |
| Min News 20:6 pp1 |
| - (2002) |
| - (Perth 2007) +2 other references |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Downes et al. (2014) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| R Bottrill collection (unconfirmed) +3 other references | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| - (Perth 2007) +2 other references |
Austria | |
| Carinthia II (2012) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Č +2 other references |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Kolitsch (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| HEHENBERGER (1996) |
| HEHENBERGER (1996) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) | |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch (2016) |
| Löffler et al. (2018) |
| Postl et al. (1979) |
| Arthofer (2005) |
| Meixner (1977) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Dr. Fritz Berndt analysis. | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Josep Sanchez-laFuente (INTAN S.L.) |
Brazil | |
| Revista Brasileira de Geociências 21 (1) |
| Queiroz (2016) | |
| Leonardo |
| Cassedanne et al. (1981) |
| Menezes (n.d.) |
| Jessica Simonoff photo | |
| Josef Vajdak (Peque Rare Minerals) | |
| Dias et al. (2015) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1994) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| Ricardo Scholz |
| dan weinrich +1 other reference | |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| Beurlen et al. (2008) |
| Beurlen +3 other references |
| Baumgartner et al. (2006) | |
| Strmić Palinkaš +5 other references |
| Baumgartner et al. (2006) | |
| Baumgartner et al. (2006) | |
Burundi | |
| The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) +1 other reference |
| Melcher et al. (2015) | |
Cambodia | |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
Canada | |
| Caudle +1 other reference |
| Chudy T et al. (2014) |
| George J. Simandl (2001) | |
| Blue River Carbonatites et al. (http://www.commerceresources.com/i/pdf/05-BCGOVRREPORT.pdf) | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2015) |
| Dixon et al. (2014) |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| Econ Geol (1995) | |
| 153-155. +1 other reference | |
| Paul (1984) +1 other reference |
| [AmMin 85:1324] |
| Feng et al. (2015) |
| Sheard et al. (2012) | |
| Pinckston et al. (1995) +3 other references |
| Anderson et al. (2013) |
| Wise et al. (1990) | |
| O'Reilly et al. (1982) |
| Hay (2000) |
| P.B. Tomascak et al. (1994) |
| P.B. Tomascak et al. (1994) |
| Breaks |
| ontariominerals.com +2 other references |
| Canadian Mineralogist 36 +1 other reference | |
| Taylor et al. (2001) |
| Ercit (1994) |
| Ercit (1994) | |
| Josef Vajdak (2008) |
| Ulrike Kullik specimen (ID by EDS at ROM) +1 other reference | |
| Pit owers (pers. comm.) +2 other references | |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) |
| Laferrière (2011) |
| Petrella (2013) | |
| Pierre-Alain Wulser | |
China | |
| Huaidong Zhang et al. (2012) |
| Can Rao et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2005) |
| Hui Li et al. (1983) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Zhili Qiu et al. (2001) |
| Deshi Lu (1993) |
| Li (1982) +3 other references |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) +3 other references |
| Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Wu et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Zhongxin Yuan and Ge Bai (1997) +2 other references | |
| Xiaojun Yuan et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Weizheng Hu et al. (2005) |
| Zhu et al. (2024) |
| Feng et al. (2024) |
| Chenghua Zhang and Guodong Ji (1983) |
| Xue et al. (2021) |
| Xue et al. (2021) | |
| Yin et al. (2015) |
| Feng et al. (2019) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2003) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2001) |
Colombia | |
| Overstreet |
Czech Republic | |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| Breiter K. |
| Štemprok et al. (2005) |
| Breiter et al. (2007) |
| René et al. (2011) |
| geological prospecting |
| Novák (2003) |
| Ddolníček Z et al. (2020) |
| Chládek Š. (2016) | |
| Novák | |
| Novák | |
| Pavlíček V. et al.: Pegmatit ... |
| Welser |
| Novák (1994) |
| Breiter et al. (1995) |
| Dolníček et al. (2024) |
| Pauliš et al. (2022) |
| Novák +2 other references |
| Novák +1 other reference | |
| new data on the type material. Journal of GEOsciences: 45 (1-2) +1 other reference |
| Novák +3 other references |
| P. Pauliš (2001) | |
| P. Pauliš (2001) | |
| Cerny et al. (2000) |
DR Congo | |
| Melcher et al. (2015) |
| T. Graupner et al. (2010) | |
| Kristiansen (2001) |
| Wall et al. (1996) |
| Melcher et al. (2015) |
Egypt | |
| Mohamed (2013) |
| Mahmoud et al. (2018) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2013) |
| Sami et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Raslan et al. (2010) | |
| Azer et al. (2025) | |
| Abdel Gawad et al. (2025) | |
| Mahdy et al. (2024) | |
| Ali et al. (2021) | |
| Raslan et al. (2011) |
Equatorial Guinea | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Ethiopia | |
| Küster et al. (2009) |
| Kaiser (2006) |
Europe | |
| Jahn (2002) |
Finland | |
| Huber et al. (2023) |
| Marmo et al. (1966) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Ilkka Mikkola data | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| Alviola (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection +1 other reference |
| Lahti Seppo I. 2011. Kotkan ... | |
| Jyrki Autio Collection. EDS |
| Tuisku (2010) |
| Thair Al-Ani! and Olli Sarapää (2013) +2 other references |
| Al Ani Thair and Torppa Akseli 2011. ... |
| Lahti (2000) |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Lahti (2000) | |
| Haapala Ilmari 1977 Petrography and ... |
| Al-Ani | |
| Lahti et al. (2009) |
| Nieminen +1 other reference |
| Hytönen |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection | |
| Niskanen (2014) |
| Semiquantitative analysis by Reijo Alviola in 2011 (Jyrki Autio samples) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) +1 other reference |
| P.G. Pélisson (pelisson@inist.fr) |
| M. Arliguie collection |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| Harlaux et al. (2015, August) |
| MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006) |
| MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006) | |
| MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006) |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ... |
Germany | |
| |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Habel (1998) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Habel (2006) |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Dill et al. (2012) | |
| Dill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill (2009) +1 other reference |
| Dill et al. (2013) | |
| Keck (1989) | |
| Dill et al. (2015) |
| Dill et al. (2008) | |
| Müller (1852) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn |
| Blaß et al. (2004) |
| Witzke et al. (2008) |
| M. Trinkler et al. (1997) |
| René (2019) |
| |
| Aufschluss 49 (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) | |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| AmMin 88:986-995 |
Greenland | |
| Blomstrand (1866) |
Hungary | |
| collector: Péter Gál |
India | |
| Singh et al. (2023) |
Iraq | |
| Mohammad et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Banti et al. (2011) |
| Bedognè F. et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Bedognè F. et al. (1995) | |
| Bedogné et al. (1995) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Aurisicchio et al. (2002) |
Japan | |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Matsubara et al. (2013) |
| Nakajima et al. (2006) |
| Matsubara et al. (2006) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Nakashima et al. (1998) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Madagascar | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Arliguie Michel photo & collection |
| Ranorosoa (1986) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection et al. (XRD) |
| Ranorosoa (1986) | |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2021 |
| Harvard University |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Falster (2003) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Park et al. (2021) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Favreau (2012) | |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Moiana (2010) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Myanmar | |
| Hong Wang et al. (2013) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| in the collection of F.J.Emmerich | |
| Förch (1998) |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
| Bezing et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Keller (1991) +1 other reference |
| Bodeving (2015) |
Niger | |
| J. Fabriès and G. Rocci |
Nigeria | |
| Melcher et al. (2015) | |
| Sakoma et al. (2002) |
| Rotimi et al. (2012) |
| Woolley (2001) |
North Korea | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Norway | |
| Balassone et al. (2015) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Larsen (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Harries (2020) |
| Müller et al. (2017) |
| Collection of the Iveland Municipality ... |
| Lund (2016) | |
| Revheim (2004) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Lund (2016) | |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Müller et al. (2012) | |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Folvik (2007) |
| Kvamsdal (2020) |
| Jahren et al. (1998) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Zhou et al. (2022) |
| Tomašić et al. (2004) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Husdal (2008) | |
| Ellingsen et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Balassone et al. (2015) | |
| Brøgger (1897) +1 other reference | |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) | |
| Kristiansen (2022) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) |
| Ray Schortmann | |
| Müller et al. (2017) | |
| Størseth (2003) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Selbekk et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
Pakistan | |
| |
| AM Mizunaka |
| imported from Shigar District +2 other references | |
Poland | |
| Łodziński M. 2008: Chemical ... +1 other reference |
| PIECZKA et al. 2010: Nb-Ta minerals in ... |
| Pieczka et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Evans et al. (2018) |
| Łodziński M. 2008: Chemical ... | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
| Pieczka et al. (2017) | |
Portugal | |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| Mineralizações e Recursos de Tântalo no Norte de Portugal - Análise Paragenética" - Carlos Augusto Alves Leal Gomes (2016) |
| Dias et al. (2009) |
| Antunes et al. (2013) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| PROSPEG – Projecto de prospecção +1 other reference |
| Nuno Afonso collection (XRD-analysed) |
| Dias P et al. (2014) |
| Garate-Olave et al. (2024) |
| Martins et al. (2011) | |
Romania | |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
Russia | |
| Iovchev E.S. |
| Mironov A.G. and Gofman A.F (1979) |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Sorokina et al. (2016) | |
| webmineral.ru (2021) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2009 |
| Nishanbaev et al. (2016) |
| Udoratina et al. (2024) |
| Sharygin et al. (2017, August) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2007) |
| Huber et al. (2023) |
| Zozulya et al. (2024) |
| ... | |
| Zozulya et al. (2024) |
| Zozulya et al. (2024) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2018) |
| I.V.Pekov. E.A.Vlasov. E.A.Gerasimova Pitkyarantskaya mineralogical practice et al. (in Russian) |
| S.M. Kravchenko data +1 other reference |
| Alekseev et al. (2020) |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) +1 other reference | |
| Vital'Evna (2021) |
| Zap. Vseross. Mineral. Obshch. (2) +2 other references |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Victor V. Sharygin analytycal data (2012) +3 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Lykova I. S. et al. (2017) |
Rwanda | |
| Daltry et al. (1998) |
| Melcher et al. (2015) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Atencio et al. (2015) |
Slovakia | |
| Uher |
| Uher et al. (1994) |
| Chudík et al. (2011) |
| Uher et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Uher et al. (n.d.) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Uher (stredné Slovensko) |
| Uher P. et al. (2020) |
| Uher et al. (Považský Inovec) |
| Uher P. | |
| Uher P. |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
South Korea | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007) +1 other reference |
| Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007) | |
| Garófano-Medina et al. (2021) |
| Guldris Leon +2 other references |
| Roza Llera +3 other references |
| NÚÑEZ-GARCÍA et al. (2012) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Geeth Sameera et al. (2025) |
Sweden | |
| E. Welin +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM) |
| Jonsson et al. (1997) |
| Öhman (2003) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Guastoni et al. (2014) |
| |
| Weiß (1989) +1 other reference |
| Weiβ et al. (2007) |
Thailand | |
| Linnen et al. (1993) |
UK | |
| Moulding et al. (2005) |
| Tindle (2008) |
Ukraine | |
| Kurylo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Lazarenko E.K. e.a. Mineralogy of ... |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Bailey (1980) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Phil Osborn collection |
| King (n.d.) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) | |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
| Rocks & Minerals +1 other reference |
| Ralph Parkes |
| USGS Open-File Report 80-661 +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
| Muntyan et al. (1985) | |
| Hanson et al. (2013) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:233-234. +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Buckskin Minerals |
| www.mindat.org (2016) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| AmMin 84:754-763 | |
| Dorris et al. (the summer of the gremlins continues) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Joseph Dorris (2016) | |
| Mathew Crystalman | |
| Cameron +6 other references |
| Betts (1999) |
| Tony Albini Collection | |
| P. Cristofono collection | |
| Davis (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Elwell (1937) |
| Tony Albini Collection |
| King (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 12:145. +2 other references | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Torrey (1822a) +2 other references |
| Hunt (1852) | |
| Bowman (1902) +1 other reference |
| Montague (1937) +1 other reference | |
| Schairer (1931) | |
| Dana (1837) +2 other references |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 164-167. +2 other references |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Cameron et al. (1954) | |
| Harold Moritz Collection | |
| Webster (1978) | |
| Cameron et al. (1954) | |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +3 other references |
| Foye (1922) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 12:145. +1 other reference | |
| Seaman (1963) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:189. |
| Rocks & Min.:64:202. |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:204. |
| Rocks & Minerals 81:180-186 | |
| USGS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... |
| Rocks & Min. 70:246 +3 other references |
| King (n.d.) |
| Rocks and Minerals (1997) |
| Clifford Trebilcock |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Jeffrey Morrison et al. (2018) |
| Rocks & Min. (May, 1999) +1 other reference |
| Cameron +2 other references |
| Morrill |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King (2009) +1 other reference |
| King (2009) | |
| King (2009) | |
| King (2009) | |
| King (2009) | |
| King (2009) | |
| SEM-EDS analysis of the ferrocolumbite +2 other references |
| King (2009) |
| |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Falster et al. (2006) +2 other references |
| King (n.d.) +2 other references |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Hess et al. | |
| King et al. (6) | |
| Simmons et al. (2022) | |
| King et al. (6) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King (2000) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Dionne et al. (2014) |
| Wise +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Tim Blake and Scott Soucey specimens | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Bastin (1911) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Barton (1968) +1 other reference |
| John Raymond |
| Cameron +2 other references | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Morrill |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| Bastin (1911) +2 other references | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Cameron +2 other references | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Moritz (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Ex: Andrew Abban Collection 1993 |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Personally collected and observed in ... | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Columbite- (Fe) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Buchholz et al. (2013) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Tucker (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Russ Rizzo Collection (analyzed by J. Attard) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp242-261 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals (1990) | |
| Camp (2011) |
| Camp (2011) |
| Rocks & Min. 80:256 (2005) |
| Morrill +1 other reference |
| Morrill +2 other references | |
| Morrill +1 other reference |
| |
| Whitmore et al. (2004) | |
| Smith (2005) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 353 +2 other references |
| King (n.d.) |
| Northrup |
| John H. Betts (2009) |
| John H. Betts (2009) |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:710-712. |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:710-712. | |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| C.W. Allen collection |
| Rocks and Minerals +2 other references |
| www.John Betts.com |
| Wenger et al. (1991) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:89. | |
| Dana 7:I:695 +1 other reference |
| Genth (1891) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:92. | |
| Miller et al. (to be published by NCGS) |
| Miller (1971) |
| various added photos |
| Roberts | |
| Jessica Simonoff photo | |
| Am. Min. 74:865-869 (1989) |
| Elliott (2018) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 8:143-144. +1 other reference |
| Falster et al. (1996) |
| Thomas Buchholz |
| Buchholz et al. (2002) | |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01 | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) | |
| Buchholz et al. (2017) |
| Buchholz et al. (2012) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:409-410 |
| Buchholz et al. (2006) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Gallagher (1967) |
| Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey (1959) |
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