Froodite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Froodite
Formula:
α-PdBi2
Colour:
Grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
12.05 - 12.6
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For the type locality.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1615
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1615:1
IMA Classification of Froodite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
PdBi2
Classification of Froodite
2.AC.45a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
A : Alloys
C : Alloys of metalloids with PGE
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
A : Alloys
C : Alloys of metalloids with PGE
2.12.15.1
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.12.41
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Fro | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Fro | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Froodite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Quite reflective giving a silvery white reflection
Colour:
Grey
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=84 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {100}
less perfect on {001}
Perfect on {100}
less perfect on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
12.05 - 12.6 g/cm3 (Measured) 11.42 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Synthetic - 11.5
Optical Data of Froodite
Anisotropism:
Light and dark grays
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 420nm | 50.7% | 52.9% |
| 440nm | 51.9% | 54.3% |
| 460nm | 53.1% | 55.5% |
| 480nm | 54.3% | 56.4% |
| 500nm | 55.2% | 57.2% |
| 520nm | 55.7% | 57.8% |
| 540nm | 56.1% | 58.4% |
| 560nm | 56.5% | 59.0% |
| 580nm | 56.9% | 59.6% |
| 600nm | 57.4% | 60.2% |
| 620nm | 57.7% | 60.7% |
| 640nm | 58.0% | 61.1% |
| 660nm | 58.5% | 61.4% |
| 680nm | 58.8% | 62.0% |
| 700nm | 59.3% | 63.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 63.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Creamy white
Chemistry of Froodite
Mindat Formula:
α-PdBi2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Te
Crystallography of Froodite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.74 Å, b = 4.29 Å, c = 5.71 Å
β = 102.52°
β = 102.52°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.97 : 1 : 1.331
Unit Cell V:
304.66 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Rounded grains
Twinning:
Sometimes
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015531 | Froodite | Zhuravlev N N (1957) Structure of superconductors. X. Thermal, microscopic and x-ray investigation of the bismuth-palladium system Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 5 1064-1072 | 1957 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.77 Å | (100) |
| 1.556 Å | (80) |
| 2.97 Å | (70) |
| 2.48 Å | (70) |
| 2.21 Å | (70) |
| 1.637 Å | (60) |
| 1.419 Å | (60) |
| 2.14 Å | (50) |
| 2.09 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Frood mine, Canada. Data from the type description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals |
Type Occurrence of Froodite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University.
Other Language Names for Froodite
Relationship of Froodite to other Species
Structurally related to group(s):
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 29 photos of Froodite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 27 photos of Froodite associated with Altaite | PbTe |
| 23 photos of Froodite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 15 photos of Froodite associated with Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| 13 photos of Froodite associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 10 photos of Froodite associated with Paolovite | Pd2Sn |
| 10 photos of Froodite associated with Maslovite | PtBiTe |
| 9 photos of Froodite associated with Geversite | PtSb2 |
| 9 photos of Froodite associated with Native Silver | Ag |
| 9 photos of Froodite associated with Hessite | Ag2Te |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.AC. | Vadlazarenkovite | Pd8Bi1.5Te1.25As0.25 |
| 2.AC. | Törnroosite | Pd11As2Te2 |
| 2.AC.05b | Vincentite | Pd3As |
| 2.AC.05a | Atheneite | Pd2As0.75Hg0.25 |
| 2.AC.10c | Arsenopalladinite | Pd8(As,Sb)3 |
| 2.AC.10b | Mertieite | Pd8Sb2.5As0.5 |
| 2.AC.10a | Stillwaterite | Pd8As3 |
| 2.AC.15a | Isomertieite | Pd11Sb2As2 |
| 2.AC.15a | Miessiite | Pd11Te2Se2 |
| 2.AC.15b | Pseudomertieite | Pd11(Sb,As)4 |
| 2.AC.20c | Menshikovite | Pd3Ni2As3 |
| 2.AC.20a | Stibiopalladinite | Pd5Sb2 |
| 2.AC.20b | Palarstanide | Pd5(Sn,As)2 |
| 2.AC.25c | Palladodymite | (Pd,Rh)2As |
| 2.AC.25d | Naldrettite | Pd2Sb |
| 2.AC.25b | Rhodarsenide | (Rh,Pd)2As |
| 2.AC.25e | Majakite | PdNiAs |
| 2.AC.25a | Palladoarsenide | Pd2As |
| 2.AC.25f | Palladobismutharsenide | Pd2(As,Bi) |
| 2.AC.30 | UM1999-02-As:NiRh | (Rh,Ni)7As4 |
| 2.AC.30 | Polkanovite | Rh12As7 |
| 2.AC.35b | Ungavaite | Pd4Sb3 |
| 2.AC.35a | Genkinite | Pt4Sb3 |
| 2.AC.40 | Polarite | Pd(Bi,Pb) |
| 2.AC.50 | Viteite | Pd5InAs |
| 2.AC.50 | Nipalarsite | Ni8Pd3As4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Froodite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1615.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Froodite
Reference List:
Evstigneeva, Tatiana, Tarkian, Mahmud (1996) Synthesis of platinum-group minerals under hydrothermal conditions. European Journal of Mineralogy, 8 (3) 549-564 doi:10.1127/ejm/8/3/0549
Localities for Froodite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Takahashi et al. (2020) |
Australia | |
| Ma et al. (2023) |
Brazil | |
| Knight (2014) |
| Sá et al. (2005) |
Canada | |
| Manor |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Canadian Mineralogist 45 +1 other reference |
| Kelvin et al. Canadian Mineralogist 49 +1 other reference |
| Campos-Alvarez et al. (2012) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference |
| ontariominerals.com +1 other reference |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Warren (2013) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) +2 other references | |
| Ames et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Springer (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Springer (1989) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| HAWLEY et al. (1958) +2 other references |
| N Farhangi |
| N. T. Pettigrew et al. (2000) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| 157-158. +1 other reference | |
| McDonald et al. (2015) |
| Selway (1993) | |
| Good et al. (2017) |
| Charles Normand (2016) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +2 other references |
China | |
| Yang +7 other references |
| Wei et al. (2023) |
| Wang et al. (2006) |
Czech Republic | |
| Vavřín +2 other references |
Egypt | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Finland | |
| Kojonen et al. (eds) |
| Mutanen (1997) |
| Kojonen et al. (2004) |
Gabon | |
| Utsunomiya et al. (2006) |
Germany | |
| Sandmann et al. (2015) |
Greenland | |
| Andersen et al. (2017) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Prokopyev et al. (2010) |
Portugal | |
| Dias et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Konev et al. (1993) |
| Orsoev (2019) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) | |
| Kislov +2 other references | |
| Rakhimov et al. (2021) |
| Shvedov et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Kolotilina et al. (2025) | |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) +1 other reference |
| Institute on Lake Superior Geology ... +3 other references |
| February 2009 +3 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +2 other references | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference | |
| 2014 Ultramafic-mafic intrusions | |
| Shvedov et al. (2015) |
| Groshev +7 other references |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) | |
| Neradovskii et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Chashchin et al. (2018) |
| Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) | |
| Serov et al. (2024) |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2005) |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) |
| American Mineralogist +3 other references |
| American Mineralogist: 85: 199. +1 other reference |
| Mikhailov et al. (2021) |
| Murzin et al. (2022) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
South Africa | |
| Tischler et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| McCreesh et al. (2018) |
| Nikolay Rudashevsky et al (2001) |
| Hutchinson et al. (2005) |
| Van der Merwe (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Holwell et al. (2007) |
| Holwell et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Frits van der Merwe (2012) | |
| Hutchinson et al. (2005) | |
| Kinloch et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| Power et al. (2004) |
Uruguay | |
| Prichard et al. (2004) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| - (1998) |
| McSwiggen (1999) +1 other reference | |
Vietnam | |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
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Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada