Hydroniumjarosite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Hydroniumjarosite
Formula:
(H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
Colour:
Amber-yellow to dark brown.
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
2.9 - 3.26
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
In allusion to its composition with the dominant HYDRONIUM (H3O+) cation and its relationship to JAROSITE.
Typically ocherous, amber to dark brown granular masses or crystalline to earthy crusts.
May be confused with ammoniojarosite, natrojarosite, jarosite and other visually similar member of the alunite supergroup.
Identification of this mineral requires infra-red spectroscopy (IR) or Raman spectroscopy in order to confirm the dominance of hydronium ions. A combination of XRD and EDS techniques is not sufficient (Anatoly Kasatkin, pers. commun.; see: http://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-208364.html). However, modern EDS detectors can measure even minor N contents or confirm their absence.
May be confused with ammoniojarosite, natrojarosite, jarosite and other visually similar member of the alunite supergroup.
Identification of this mineral requires infra-red spectroscopy (IR) or Raman spectroscopy in order to confirm the dominance of hydronium ions. A combination of XRD and EDS techniques is not sufficient (Anatoly Kasatkin, pers. commun.; see: http://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-208364.html). However, modern EDS detectors can measure even minor N contents or confirm their absence.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1983
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1983:1
IMA Classification of Hydroniumjarosite
Approved
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
Classification of Hydroniumjarosite
7.BC.10
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
30.2.5.3
25.10.19
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hjrs | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hjs | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Hydroniumjarosite
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Glistening.
Colour:
Amber-yellow to dark brown.
Streak:
Pale yellow
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {0001}
Distinct on {0001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2.9 - 3.26 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.01 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hydroniumjarosite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.820 nε = 1.820
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.000
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 Âľm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 Âľm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Dichroic:
O = Deep yellow
E = Light yellow
O = Deep yellow
E = Light yellow
Chemistry of Hydroniumjarosite
Mindat Formula:
(H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hydroniumjarosite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.17 Å, c = 16.6 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.315
Unit Cell V:
739.06 Ă
Âł (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Tiny crystals, usually pseudo-cubic {01-13}, or tabular {0001}. Typically granular masses, crusts or coatings; may also be fibrous, nodular, concretionary, pulverent or earthy.
Twinning:
None reported.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0004441 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2007) Jarosite - hydronium jarosite solid solution series with full iron occupancy: Mineralogy and crystal chemistry American Mineralogist 92 1464-1473 |  | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004442 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2007) Jarosite - hydronium jarosite solid solution series with full iron occupancy: Mineralogy and crystal chemistry American Mineralogist 92 1464-1473 | | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004443 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2007) Jarosite - hydronium jarosite solid solution series with full iron occupancy: Mineralogy and crystal chemistry American Mineralogist 92 1464-1473 | | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004444 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2007) Jarosite - hydronium jarosite solid solution series with full iron occupancy: Mineralogy and crystal chemistry American Mineralogist 92 1464-1473 | | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004579 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2008) Crystal chemistry of the natrojarosite-jarosite and natrojarosite-hydronium jarosite solid-solution: A synthetic study with full Fe site occupancy American Mineralogist 93 853-862 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004580 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2008) Crystal chemistry of the natrojarosite-jarosite and natrojarosite-hydronium jarosite solid-solution: A synthetic study with full Fe site occupancy American Mineralogist 93 853-862 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004581 | Hydroniumjarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2008) Crystal chemistry of the natrojarosite-jarosite and natrojarosite-hydronium jarosite solid-solution: A synthetic study with full Fe site occupancy American Mineralogist 93 853-862 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.93 Ă | (20) |
| 5.08 Ă | (60) |
| 3.66 Ă | (20) |
| 3.12 Ă | (70) |
| 3.08 Ă | (100) |
| 2.27 Ă | (20) |
| 1.981 Ă | (30) |
| 1.831 Ă | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
In the oxidized zones of sulfide deposits as a secondary mineral.
Type Occurrence of Hydroniumjarosite
Synonyms of Hydroniumjarosite
Other Language Names for Hydroniumjarosite
Dutch:Hydroniumjarosiet
Finnish:BorgstrĂśmite
German:Hydroniumjarosit
Carphosiderit
Hydronium-Jarosit
Karphosiderit
Gelbeisenerz (of Hausmann & Rammelsberg) (in part)
Misy (in part)
Carphosiderit
Hydronium-Jarosit
Karphosiderit
Gelbeisenerz (of Hausmann & Rammelsberg) (in part)
Misy (in part)
Russian:ĐидŃОниОŃŃОСиŃ
Simplified Chinese:ć°´ĺć°˘éťéçž
Spanish:Carphosiderita
Karphosiderita
Karphosiderita
Traditional Chinese:ć°´ĺć°Ťéťéľç¤Ź
Relationship of Hydroniumjarosite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Alunite Group:
| Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
| Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Natroalunite-2c | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 9 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 4 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 2 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Povondraite | NaFe3+3(Mg2Fe3+4)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O |
| 2 photos of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 ¡ H2O |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 ¡ 6H2O |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 ¡ 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 ¡ 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Hydroniumjarosite associated with Schwertmannite | Fe3+16(OH,SO4)12-13O16 ¡ 10-12H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BC. | Viskontite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Zincochenite | Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Mn) | Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Fe) | Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | Acmonidesite | (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8 |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite | (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Chromviskontite | Pb5Cu2(CrO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Backite | Pb2AlTeO6Cl |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite-(Fe) | (NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Agaite | Pb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) |
| 7.BC. | Wildcatite | CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH) |
| 7.BC. | Hagstromite | Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4 |
| 7.BC.05 | D'Ansite | Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC.07 | Apatelite | Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 ¡ 0.5H2O |
| 7.BC.07 | Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate) | Ba, Fe, V, O, H |
| 7.BC.10 | Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natroalunite-2c | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Plumbojarosite | Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Karlseifertite | Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.15 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 |
| 7.BC.20 | Nabokoite | KCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl |
| 7.BC.20 | Puninite | Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 |
| 7.BC.20 | Atlasovite | K(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl |
| 7.BC.25 | Chlorothionite | K2Cu(SO4)Cl2 |
| 7.BC.30 | Euchlorine | KNaCu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.30 | Fedotovite | K2Cu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.35 | Kamchatkite | KCu3(SO4)2OCl |
| 7.BC.40 | Piypite | K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 ¡ (Na,Cu)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Alumoklyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.45 | Belousovite | KZn(SO4)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Klyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.47 | MĂźllerite | Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl |
| 7.BC.50 | Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.50 | Elasmochloite | Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.52 | Eleomelanite | (K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.55 | Falgarite | K4(VO)3(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.55 | Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.57 | Krasheninnikovite | KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.60 | Wulffite | K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.60 | Parawulffite | K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8 |
| 7.BC.60 | Mammothite | Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC.62 | Shuvalovite | K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.65 | Saccoite | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 ¡ 0.5(SO4) |
| 7.BC.65 | Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
| 7.BC.65 | Franksousaite | PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Munakataite | Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.65 | Schmiederite | Pb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.70 | Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.75 | Krivovichevite | Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH) |
| 7.BC.80 | Anhydrokainite | KMg(SO4)Cl |
Other Information
Notes:
Insoluble in water. Soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
None.
Internet Links for Hydroniumjarosite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1983.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Hydroniumjarosite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.65 - (on cyprusite)
Posnjak, E.; Merwin, H. E. (1922) The system, Fe2O3âSO3âH2O. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 44 (9). 1965-1994 doi:10.1021/ja01430a016(artificial material)
Hendricks, Sterling B. (1937) The crystal structure of alunite and the jarosites. American Mineralogist, 22 (6) 773-784 [artificial material]
Brophy, Gerald P., Sheridan, Michael F. (1965) Sulfate studies IV: The jarosite-natrojarosite-hydronium jarosite solid solution series. American Mineralogist, 50 (10) 1595-1607
Mumme, W. G., Scott, T. R. (1966) The relationship between basic ferric sulfate and plumbojarosite. American Mineralogist, 51 (3-4) 443-453
Drouet, Christophe, Navrotsky, Alexandra (2003) Synthesis, characterization, and thermochemistry of K-Na-H3O jarosites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67 (11) 2063-2076 doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01299-1
Basciano, L. C., Peterson, R. C. (2007) The crystal structure of ammoniojarosite, (NH4)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6 and the crystal chemistry of the ammoniojarositeâhydronium jarosite solid-solution series. Mineralogical Magazine, 71 (4) 427-441 doi:10.1180/minmag.2007.071.4.427
Forray, F.L., Smith, A.M.L., Drouet, C., Navrotsky, A., Wright, K., Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Dubbin, W.E. (2010) Synthesis, characterization and thermochemistry of a Pb-jarosite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74 (1) 215-224 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.033[in fact a Pb-bearing hydroniumjarosite]
Localities for Hydroniumjarosite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa |
| Vennum +1 other reference | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Ron Gyllenhammer Collection | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Taucher (2012) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1956) +1 other reference |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
Brazil | |
| Atencio et al. (2011) |
Canada | |
| Battler et al. (2013) |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor +1 other reference |
| SEM-EDS and Wet Chemical by Joy Desor ... |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
China | |
| Liu et al. (2018) |
Cyprus | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Matýsek et al. (2023) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Matýsek et al. (2024) |
Finland | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Blondieau et al. (2025) |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Photo Mindat Hydroniumjarosite Id ... |
Germany | |
| Schnorrer-KĂśhler (1989) |
| Schnorrer-KĂśhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2008) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| XRD and EDX analysis T. Witzke |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2007) |
Greenland | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Bøggild (1953) |
Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
Iran | |
| Khorasanipour (2015) |
Ireland | |
| Moreton et al. (1995) |
| S. MORETON et al. (1999) |
Italy | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| P. Roegner - (raggi X, EDS) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Africano et al. (2002) |
Mexico | |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Jones et al. (2021) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Hakkou et al. (2008) |
North Macedonia | |
| ÄorÄeviÄ et al. (2021) |
Norway | |
| Johansen et al. (2022) |
Pakistan | |
| M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
Poland | |
| Jambor et al. (1963) |
| Ciesielczukk |
| Geography and Geology] 9 +2 other references |
| Nejbert et al. (2013) |
| L. Kruszewski collection |
| Kruszewski et al. (2020) |
| Bull.Acad.polonaise et al. (1960) |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (2011) |
| Apopei et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Ĺ tevko-unpublished |
Spain | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Shuster et al. (2017) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2019) |
UK | |
| SEM image on Mineral Paradice Webb Site. This appears to be Hydroniumjarosite (priv com David Green) |
| Cotterell (2006) |
USA | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Granger (1969) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Bob Werner (2009) | |
| Caldwell (2018) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Environmental Geology: 45: 47. +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) | |
| ... | |
| Dana 6:1092 & A3:45 +2 other references |
| Haynes (2000) |
| Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular ... |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
Mars | |
| Johnson et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Johnson et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
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Fanny mine, Kruth, Thann-Guebwiller, Haut-Rhin, Grand Est, France