Lizardite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Lizardite
Formula:
Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Colour:
green, brown, light yellow to white
Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.55
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1955 by Eric James William Whittaker and Jack Zussman for the type location which lies within the area of Cornwall known as the Lizard peninsula. The locality itself being at Eastern Cliff, Kennack, Ruan - Grade, Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, England, UK.
Co-Type Localities:
Polymorph of:
Lizardite is volumetrically the most common serpentine subgroup species. It is typically a product of retrograde metamorphism, replacing olivine and orthopyroxene (enstatite) in ultramafic igneous rocks and some magnesian skarns.
Can contain nickel and form a Lizardite-Népouite Series.
Chrysotile and lizardite are lower temperature polymorphs, whereas antigorite is a higher temperature (>250°C) serpentine mineral.
Lizardite polytypes known: 1T (formerly called 1A), 6T1, 2H1, 2H2, 1M.
May be interstratified with saponite: UM2002-39-SiO:AlCaFeHMg.
It commonly contains some intermixed chrysotile, typically as asbestiform veins, forming a potential asbestos hazard when processing.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Lizardite.
Can contain nickel and form a Lizardite-Népouite Series.
Chrysotile and lizardite are lower temperature polymorphs, whereas antigorite is a higher temperature (>250°C) serpentine mineral.
Lizardite polytypes known: 1T (formerly called 1A), 6T1, 2H1, 2H2, 1M.
May be interstratified with saponite: UM2002-39-SiO:AlCaFeHMg.
It commonly contains some intermixed chrysotile, typically as asbestiform veins, forming a potential asbestos hazard when processing.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Lizardite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2425
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2425:5
IMA Classification of Lizardite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
Classification of Lizardite
9.ED.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.1.2b.2
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
14.4.8
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Lz | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Lz | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Lz | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Lz | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Lz | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Lz | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Lizardite
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Green, brown, light yellow to white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Flexible
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Comment:
crystals and scales can be easily bent
Density:
2.55(3) g/cm3 (Measured) 2.57 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Lizardite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.541 - 1.563 nβ = 1.565 nγ = 1.553 - 1.568
2V:
Measured: 37° to 61°
Birefringence:
0.009
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.012 - 0.015
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
weak to distinct
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Lizardite
Mindat Formula:
Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Ni,Fe
Crystallography of Lizardite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
| Lizardite-1T | Lizardite-2H₁ |
|---|---|
| Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Trigonal | Hexagonal |
| 3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal | 6mm - Dihexagonal Pyramidal |
| P3 1m | P63cm |
| a = 5.325(5) Å, c = 7.259(7) Å | a = 5.318(4) Å, c = 14.541(7) Å |
| a:c = 1 : 1.363 | a:c = 1 : 2.734 |
| V 178.26 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 356.14 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) |
| 2 | 4 |
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000867 | Lizardite | Mellini M (1982) The crystal structure of lizardite 1T: hydrogen bonds and polytypism American Mineralogist 67 587-598 |  | 1982 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001113 | Lizardite | Mellini M, Zanazzi P F (1987) Crystal structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 from Coli, Italy American Mineralogist 72 943-948 | | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001114 | Lizardite | Mellini M, Zanazzi P F (1987) Crystal structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 from Coli, Italy American Mineralogist 72 943-948 | | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001690 | Lizardite | Mellini M, Viti C (1994) Crystal structure of lizardite-1T from Elba, Italy American Mineralogist 79 1194-1198 | | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001691 | Lizardite | Mellini M, Viti C (1994) Crystal structure of lizardite-1T from Elba, Italy American Mineralogist 79 1194-1198 | | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001834 | Lizardite | Gregorkiewitz M, Lebech B, Mellini M, Viti C (1996) Hydrogen positions and thermal expansion in lizardite-1T from Elba: A low-temperature study using Rietveld refinement of neutron diffraction data American Mineralogist 81 1111-1116 | | 1996 | 0 | 8 | |
| 0001942 | Lizardite | Brigatti M F, Galli E, Medici L, Poppi L (1997) Crystal structure refinement of aluminian lizardite-2H2 American Mineralogist 82 931-935 | | 1997 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005583 | Lizardite | Guggenheim S, Zhan W (1998) Effect of temperature on the structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 The Canadian Mineralogist 36 1587-1594 | | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005584 | Lizardite | Guggenheim S, Zhan W (1998) Effect of temperature on the structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 The Canadian Mineralogist 36 1587-1594 | | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005585 | Lizardite | Guggenheim S, Zhan W (1998) Effect of temperature on the structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 The Canadian Mineralogist 36 1587-1594 | | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005586 | Lizardite | Guggenheim S, Zhan W (1998) Effect of temperature on the structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 The Canadian Mineralogist 36 1587-1594 | | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005587 | Lizardite | Guggenheim S, Zhan W (1998) Effect of temperature on the structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 The Canadian Mineralogist 36 1587-1594 | | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005588 | Lizardite | Guggenheim S, Zhan W (1998) Effect of temperature on the structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 The Canadian Mineralogist 36 1587-1594 | | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018972 | Lizardite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Malferrari D, Galli E, Rossi A (2011) The crystal chemistry of lizardite-1T from northern Apennines ophiolites near Modena, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1045-1054 | 2011 | Pompeano, Modena Apennines, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018973 | Lizardite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Malferrari D, Galli E, Rossi A (2011) The crystal chemistry of lizardite-1T from northern Apennines ophiolites near Modena, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1045-1054 | 2011 | Pompeano, Modena Apennines, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018974 | Lizardite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Malferrari D, Galli E, Rossi A (2011) The crystal chemistry of lizardite-1T from northern Apennines ophiolites near Modena, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1045-1054 | 2011 | Sassomorello, Modena Apennines, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018975 | Lizardite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Malferrari D, Galli E, (2011) The crystal chemistry of lizardite-1T from north Apennines ophiolites near Modena, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1045-1054 | 2011 | Varana, Modena Apennines, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018976 | Lizardite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Malferrari D, Galli E, (2011) The crystal chemistry of lizardite-1T from north Apennines ophiolites near Modena, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1045-1054 | 2011 | Varana, Modena Apennines, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018977 | Lizardite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Malferrari D, Galli E, (2011) The crystal chemistry of lizardite-1T from north Apennines ophiolites near Modena, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1045-1054 | 2011 | Santa Scolastica, Modena Apennines, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006338 | Lizardite | Mellini M, Zanazzi P F (1989) Effects of pressure on the structure of lizardite-1T European Journal of Mineralogy 1 13-19 | 1989 | Coli, Italy | 0.7 | 293 | |
| 0006339 | Lizardite | Mellini M, Zanazzi P F (1989) Effects of pressure on the structure of lizardite-1T European Journal of Mineralogy 1 13-19 | 1989 | Val Sissone | 1.25 | 293 | |
| 0009030 | Lizardite | Auzende A L, Pellenq R J M, Devouard B, Baronnet A, Grauby O (2006) Atomistic calculations of structural and elastic properties of serpentine minerals: the case of lizardite using semi-empirical potentials Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 266-275 | 2006 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.4 Å | (100) |
| 4.6 Å | (80) |
| 3.9 Å | (50) |
| 3.67 Å | (80) |
| 2.875 Å | (10) |
| 2.663 Å | (35) |
| 2.505 Å | (100) |
| 2.410 Å | (5) |
| 2.307 Å | (5) |
| 2.156 Å | (80) |
| 1.945 Å | (5) |
| 1.835 Å | (10) |
| 1.799 Å | (50) |
| 1.743 Å | (35) |
| 1.692 Å | (10) |
| 1.572 Å | (5) |
| 1.538 Å | (80) |
| 1.505 Å | (80) |
| 1.462 Å | (10) |
| 1.416 Å | (50) |
| 1.332 Å | (20) |
| 1.310 Å | (65) |
| 1.281 Å | (50) |
| 1.253 Å | (20) |
| 1.219 Å | (10) |
| 1.169 Å | (50) |
| 1.110 Å | (5) |
| 1.078 Å | (20) |
| 1.058 Å | (20) |
| 1.045 Å | (5) |
| 1.002 Å | (5) |
| 0.993 Å | (50) |
| 0.981 Å | (5) |
| 0.968 Å | (20) |
| 0.952 Å | (20) |
| 0.922 Å | (20) |
| 0.912 Å | (5) |
| 0.885 Å | (50) |
| 0.880 Å | (10) |
| 0.861 Å | (50) |
| 0.834 Å | (5) |
| 0.828 Å | (5) |
| 0.786 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 18-779 Lizardite-1T. See also ICDD 11-386 Lizardite-1T (aluminian); Lizardite-1T (synthetic); ICDD 13-4 Lizardite-6(2)T1; ICDD 31-782 Lizardite-6(3)T1 (aluminian); ICDD 9-444 Lizardite-6T.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 38 : Ophiolites | |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
It is typically a product of retrograde metamorphism, replacing olivine, orthopyroxene (enstatite), or other minerals in ultramafic igneous rocks.
Type Occurrence of Lizardite
Synonyms of Lizardite
Other Language Names for Lizardite
Varieties of Lizardite
| Al-lizardite | Al-bearing lizardite. |
| Nickel-bearing Lizardite | An Ni-bearing lizardite with insufficient Ni to qualify as nepouite. |
Relationship of Lizardite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Serpentine Subgroup:
| Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bb |
| Cronstedtite | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 | Trig. 3m : P3 1m |
| Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. |
| Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 | Orth. |
| Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 65 photos of Lizardite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 59 photos of Lizardite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 48 photos of Lizardite associated with Hydrotalcite | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| 44 photos of Lizardite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 36 photos of Lizardite associated with Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| 30 photos of Lizardite associated with Chrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 28 photos of Lizardite associated with Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 23 photos of Lizardite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 18 photos of Lizardite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 15 photos of Lizardite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.ED. | Clinochrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Dickite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Odinite | (Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn)2.4((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Hisingerite | Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.10 | Hydrohalloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.15 | Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Cronstedtite | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 va | Chromoamesite | Mg2(Al,Cr)(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Manandonite | Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.ED.20 | Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 9.ED.20 | Neotocite | (Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?) |
| 9.ED.20 | Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| 9.ED.20 | Imogolite | Al2SiO3(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.25 | Bismutoferrite | Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH) |
| 9.ED.25 | Chapmanite | Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH) |
| 9.ED.30 | Pianlinite | Al2Si2O6(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Lizardite
Not known to be fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Lizardite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2425.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Lizardite
Reference List:
Page, Norman J. (1968) Chemical differences among the serpentine "polymorphs". American Mineralogist, 53 (1-2) 201-215
Whittaker, E. J. W., Wicks, F. J. (1970) Chemical differences among the serpentine "polymorphs": A discussion. American Mineralogist, 55 (5-6) 1025-1047
Bayliss, Peter (1981) Unit cell data of serpentine group minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, 44 (334) 153-156 doi:10.1180/minmag.1981.044.334.06
Mellini, Marcello, Zanazzi, Pier Francesco (1987) Crystal structures of lizardite-1T and lizardite-2H1 from Coli, Italy. American Mineralogist, 72 (9-10). 943-948
Mellini, Marcello, Viti, Cecilia (1994) Crystal structure of lizardite-1T from Elba, Italy. American Mineralogist, 79 (11-12). 1194-1198
Gregorkiewitz, M., Lebech, B., Mellini, M., Viti, C. (1996) Hydrogen positions and thermal expansion in lizardite-1T from Elba; a low-temperature study using Rietveld refinement of neutron diffraction data. American Mineralogist, 81 (9). 1111-1116 doi:10.2138/am-1996-9-1008
Brigatti, Maria Franca, Galli, Ermanno, Medici, Luca, Poppi, Luciano (1997) Crystal structure refinement of aluminian lizardite-2H2. American Mineralogist, 82 (9) 931-935 doi:10.2138/am-1997-9-1010
Rinaudo, C., Gastaldi, D., Belluso, E. (2003) Characterization of chrysotile, antigorite and lizardite by FT-Raman spectroscopy. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (4). 883-890 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.4.883
Wicks, F. J., Chatfield, E. J. (2005) Scrolling of thin crystals of lizardite: an expression of internal stress. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (6). 1993-2004 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.1993
Viti, C. (2010) Serpentine minerals discrimination by thermal analysis. American Mineralogist, 95 (4) 631-638 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3366
SAKAGUCHI, Ilona, KOUKETSU, Yui, MICHIBAYASHI, Katsuyoshi, WALLIS, Simon R. (2020) Attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR–IR) spectroscopy of antigorite, chrysotile, and lizardite. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 115 (4). 303-312 doi:10.2465/jmps.190807
Fritsch, Emmanuel, Balan, Etienne, Petit, Sabine, Juillot, Farid (2021) Structural, textural, and chemical controls on the OH stretching vibrations in serpentine-group minerals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 33 (4) 447-462 doi:10.5194/ejm-33-447-2021
Localities for Lizardite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Thorne et al. (2012) |
| Alevizos et al. (2018) |
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Dr. Jorge Dascal (Patagonia Minerals) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Plas (1997) | |
| Beard et al. (2009) |
| Delacour et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Gablina et al. (2018) | |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
| Melchert et al. (2008) |
Australia | |
| Oskierski et al. (2013) |
| English et al. (2010) |
| Ashley et al. (1993) |
| Townend et al. (2019) |
| Sold by experienced Australian ... |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Bottrill (2018) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2007) |
| Ralph Bottrill collection | |
| Bottrill & Baker 2009 |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| R Bottrill | |
| Tested by XRD and SEM-EDS by R Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2006) |
| Ralph Bottrill unpublished data 2019 | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R Bottrill unpub report 2016 +1 other reference |
| A. R. Seymon |
| Barnes et al. (2009) |
| Murrin Murrin Nickel Laterite Deposit +2 other references |
| Marston (1984) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Athena Resources |
| Disseminated and Massive Nickel ... +2 other references |
| Gole et al. (2000) | |
| Gole et al. (2000) | |
| Grguric et al. (2013) | |
| Marston (1984) |
| Mills et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Jaques et al. (1986) |
Austria | |
| F. Brandstätter: Carinthia II 184./104.:248-252 (1994) |
| Fechner et al. (1985) |
| Knobloch (2004) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| RHI Leoben Laboratories |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Schantl (1975) |
Brazil | |
| F. Zaccarini (2006) |
| Silva et al. (2019) |
| Machado et al. (2021) |
| de Carvalho et al. (1997) |
| Dybowska et al. (2022) |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| Dawson Creek +4 other references |
| Britten (2017) |
| Economic Geology 112 (2017) | |
| Coats et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Confirmed from historically collected ... | |
| Canadian Mineralogist pp. 322-347 +1 other reference |
| Cressey et al. (1976) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.22 (1984) +1 other reference |
| Chatterjee (1977) |
| Chatterjee (1977) |
| American Mineralogist (1969) |
| Schandl et al. (1990) |
| Wicks et al. (2005) |
| Weber et al. (1965) |
| Reiner Mielke 2017 |
| Mineral Record (1976) |
| |
| Taner et al. (1984) |
| Econ Geology (1993) |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Martin +2 other references |
| Weber et al. (1965) |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Zurevinski +2 other references |
| Weber et al. (1965) |
Chile | |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2016) |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2016) |
China | |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Huasheng Huang et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Meng +5 other references |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| Zhi-Bo Bing et al. (2006) |
| Bojun Huang and Yushun Min (1989) |
| Chunming Han et al. (2007) |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
Cuba | |
| T. Gallardo et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Dana 8:1419 |
| Pujol-Solà et al. (2018) |
| Marsh |
| Auzende et al. (2002) |
Czech Republic | |
| Ř +5 other references |
| Doubek |
Dominican Republic | |
| Saumur et al. (2013) |
| Proenza et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Domènech et al. (2022) | |
| Gallardo et al. (2010) | |
| Marchesi et al. (2016) | |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) | |
East Timor | |
| Lay et al. (2017) |
Egypt | |
| Ahmed et al. (2001) |
| Ahmed et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Azer et al. (2007) |
| Ahmed et al. (2001) | |
| Taalab et al. (2023) | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna (rock) | |
| Ahmed et al. (2001) | |
| Ahmed et al. (2001) | |
| Ahmed et al. (2001) | |
| Abdelfadil et al. (2024) | |
| Ahmed et al. (2001) | |
| Ahmed et al. (2001) |
Eswatini | |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) | |
Ethiopia | |
| Kebede H. Belete |
Finland | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| American Mineralogist (1973) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) | |
| Sandström (2012) |
| |
France | |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... | |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Forestier (1964) |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| Azias (1968) |
| Gayk (2001) |
| Benoˆıt Quesnel et al. (2016) |
| Teitler et al. (2022) | |
| Manceau et al. (1985) |
| El Mendili et al. (2022) |
| Cathelineau et al. (2024) |
| Wells et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) +1 other reference |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) |
| Desmons (1990) |
Germany | |
| [var: Al-lizardite] Belendorff (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| K Gerl collection |
| Mineralienwelt.de +2 other references |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
Greece | |
| |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Grieco et al. (2023) |
| Dabitzias (1980) |
| Tsikouras et al. (2006) | |
| Chinese Journal of Geochemistry (2002) |
| Pelletier et al. (2008) | |
Greenland | |
| Sharpe (1980) |
Hungary | |
| Kovács et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Koch (1985) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Topographia Mineralogica Hungariae VI. +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
India | |
| Rao (2006) |
| Rao (2006) | |
| Manjunatha Reddy et al. (1988) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Ding et al. (2021) |
Indonesia | |
| Setiawan |
| Bailey et al. (1995) |
| Mackinney et al. (1988) | |
| Sufriadin et al. (2012) |
| Sufriadin et al. (2012) | |
Iraq | |
| Mohammad (2009) |
| Mohammad (2013) | |
Italy | |
| Alessandro Cantamessa find & collection |
| Carbonin et al. (2015) |
| Toffolo et al. (2017) | |
| Toffolo et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Toffolo et al. (2017) | |
| Laurita et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Punturo et al. (2023) |
| Punturo et al. (2023) |
| Punturo et al. (2023) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Morandi et al. (1982) |
| Michele Dondi |
| Michele Dondi | |
| Laurora et al. (2011) |
| Ferrari (1994) |
| Ferrari (1994) +1 other reference |
| Ferrari (1994) | |
| CEDOM Collection |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Adorni (1993) | |
| Adorni (1993) | |
| Adorni F. (1989) | |
| Adorni (1993) |
| Adorni (1993) | |
| GMPNP collection | |
| GMPNP collection +1 other reference | |
| Michele Dondi | |
| Salvioli-Mariani et al. (2020) |
| Adorni F. et al. (2005) |
| Adorni F. et al. (2005) | |
| Gentile P. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Baldizzone (2008) | |
| Agliuzza F. et al. (2014) | |
| Michele Dondi +1 other reference |
| I minerali di varie ofioliti attorno a Villa Minozzo (RE) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) | |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) | |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Castellaro et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) | |
| Galli M. (1970) |
| Passarino (2020) |
| Veniale (1962) +3 other references |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) | |
| Caucia et al. (2021) | |
| Caucia et al. (2021) | |
| Tabacchi (1972) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Bedognè F. et al. (1995) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Schwartz et al. (2013) |
| Schwartz et al. (2013) | |
| Prete (1995) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Baldoni et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Manuella (2011) |
| De Michele (1974) +2 other references |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Ferretti et al. (2013) |
| Grisotto et al. (2010) |
| Minguzzi et al. (1979) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Azzaro E. et al. (1977) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Marinai et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| DOI 10.1007/s00269-006-0111-0. +5 other references |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Sammartino (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Sammartino (2014) | |
| Morandi et al. (1978) +2 other references |
| Morandi et al. (1978) +2 other references | |
| Morandi et al. (1978) | |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) | |
| Batacchi et al. (2015) | |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| Boschi et al. (2019) |
| Orlandi (2005) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
| Boscardin (2014) |
| Guglielmino (1996) +1 other reference |
| De Michele (1974) |
| 50 +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Pizzolaro M. (1989) |
| M. Boscardin L et al. (VIcenza) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Brigatti et al. (1997) +3 other references |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
Jamaica | |
| Scott et al. (1999) |
Japan | |
| Prof |
| 上原誠一郎. (1987) |
| K. Shimosaka collection |
| H. Okada (1964) |
| Satomi Enju (2018) |
| R. Nakanishi (See photo caption - https://www.mindat.org/photo-1422492.html ) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Arai et al. (1994) | |
| Motoiki Saito (1973) |
| Motoiki Saito (1973) |
Kazakhstan | |
| doi.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Kopobayeva et al. (2024) |
Kosovo | |
| Buletini i Shkencave Gjeologjike 2012 |
Lithuania | |
| Prušinskienė et al. (2017) |
Madagascar | |
| Brindley et al. (1975) |
Mexico | |
| Alejandro Felix Gutierrez Collection |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| www.dmitrenkogg.narod.ru (n.d.) |
Morocco | |
| Lhou et al. (2015) |
| Lmahfoudi et al. (2025) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
Myanmar | |
| Nyunt (2009) |
| Harlow G1 (2014) |
New Zealand | |
| Challis et al. (1964) |
| Palmer (1966) |
| Craw et al. (1979) |
Nicaragua | |
| Venable (1994) |
North Macedonia | |
| Todor Serafimovski et al. (2012) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2012) |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Wilke (1976) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Larsen et al. (2013) |
| Seljebotn (2016) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Plümper et al. (2012) |
| Tor Witsø pers. com to Knut Edvard ... +1 other reference |
Oman | |
| Rajendran et al. (2014) |
| Miura et al. (2012) |
| |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Fryer et al. (1992) |
| Plas (1997) |
| Heling et al. (1992) |
| Wheat et al. (2008) | |
Pakistan | |
| Jan et al. (1984) |
| Gordon Cressey (1986) |
Philippines | |
| Watanabe +5 other references |
Poland | |
| Lewandowska A. (OH) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Czeslaw Haranczyk and Karol Prchazka (1974) |
| Maciej Rybicki and Tomasz KrzykawskiContemporary (2014) |
| Szełęg |
| DUBIŃSKA E. et al. (Nasławice, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Delura K. 2005: Magnetite-nickel sulphides-awaruite association in serpentinites from Braszowice-Brzeźnica massif (Sudetic ophiolite, SW Poland) |
Portugal | |
| Michele Dondi |
| Rocha et al. (2017) |
Romania | |
| Marincea +4 other references |
| Ş +1 other reference |
| Ş +1 other reference | |
| Marincea et al. (2023) | |
| Marincea et al. (2022) | |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Marincea (1999) +2 other references |
| Marincea (2000) |
| Minerals of Carpathians |
Russia | |
| Zhmodik et al. (2022) |
| Spiridonov (2020, September) |
| [AmMin 85:1322] |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Murzin et al. (2018) |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2004) |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| Talovina et al. (2008) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Talovina et al. (2003) | |
| Mazurov et al. (2007) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Yakich et al. (2020) |
| ... |
| Mikhailova et al. (2018) |
| Abzalov et al. (1997) |
| Zaikov et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Putintseva et al. (2017) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Zayakina et al. (2015) |
| Rezvukhin +4 other references |
| Sokolova | |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Smirnov et al. (2022) |
| Talovina et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Shabutdinov et al. (2024) | |
| Murzin et al. (2009) |
| Palyanova et al. (2018) |
| Murzin et al. (2022) |
| Yurichev (2021) |
Serbia | |
| Milojkovic (1977) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Grecula (1995) | |
| Juraj Majzlan et al. (2021) |
| Háber et al. (Dankova, SGR Mnts) | |
| Štubňa et al. (2019) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Solomon Islands | |
| Fermor 2011: Ore Deposits in an ... | |
South Africa | |
| PMPB Meulenbeld collection photo ID ... |
| Paul Meulenbeld |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Günther (2013) |
| Fitton (2022) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Mahumapelo et al. (2014) |
Spain | |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Alejandro Sánchez Jiménez |
| González-Jiménez et al. (2023) |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein. |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein. | |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Gervilla Linares (1990) |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein. | |
| Oen et al. (1980) |
| Joan Rosell (2020) |
| Joan Rosell (2021) | |
| Suárez et al. (2011) |
Sweden | |
| Hans Thulin |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Mofjell (1990) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Holtstam et al. (2023) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Dietrich (1972) |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) | |
| Romani (2000) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Taiwan | |
| Wan et al. (1984) |
Tanzania | |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) |
| Hassan et al. (2024) |
Trinidad and Tobago | |
| Scott et al. (1999) |
Turkey | |
| Kabiru et al. (2017, April) |
| Günay et al. (2016) |
UK | |
| Turner et al. (2010) |
| David Baldwin photo & specimen. according to Whittaker & Zussman (1956) |
| Bevins et al. (1987) |
| Alysson Rowan collection | |
| Hall (1979) |
| Taliesin collection |
| |
| O’Driscoll et al. (2018) |
Ukraine | |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) |
USA | |
| Tony Nikischer |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Mumpton et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Rice (1966) +3 other references |
| Page et al. (1967) +2 other references |
| Herwig Pelckmans collection - John ... | |
| Montoya (1963) | |
| Pelletier | |
| Page (1967) +2 other references |
| California Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 94-11 (1994) |
| CDMG OFR 94-11 " Mineral Land ... | |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| American Mineralogist 1965: 50: ... |
| Schlocker (1974) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eric Briggs collection |
| Robinson (1825) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Am Min 67:223-233 |
| Dana 8:1419 |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Tutolo et al. (2019) |
| [var: Al-lizardite] Clark (1993) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Dana 8:1419 |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Weber et al. (1965) |
| Frondel et al. (1975) |
| King | |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| PJD (1995) |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| Harold Moritz Collection |
| |
| Collected David S. Bernstein- Feb. 2012 | |
| Collected by Steve Okulewicz | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 15202 |
| Chamberlain et al. (2023) | |
| Chamberlain et al. (2023) | |
| Dana 8:1419 |
| Dana 8:1419 |
| A. Montgomery Pgs. 54-55 +1 other reference |
| Personally Collected 4/12/2008 | |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3) |
| Min News 15:3 pp 1 |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Chidester et al. (1978) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Dana 8:1419 |
| Mustoe (2024) |
Venezuela | |
| Domènech et al. (2022) |
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Sissone Valley, Chiesa in Valmalenco, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy