Enstatite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Robert M. Hazen
About Enstatite
Formula:
Mg2Si2O6
Simplified: MgSiO3.
Colour:
White, yellowish green, brown, greenish white or grey, olive-green
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.2 - 3.9
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek enstates - "opponent" for refractory nature under blowpipe flame.
Polymorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1384
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1384:6
IMA Classification of Enstatite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Enstatite
9.DA.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
65.1.2.1
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
14.4.2
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
En | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
En | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277β279. |
En | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
En | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
En | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Enstatite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Pearly on cleavage
Colour:
White, yellowish green, brown, greenish white or grey, olive-green
Streak:
Grey to white
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {210}
Good on {210}
Parting:
on {100} and {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.2 - 3.9 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.189 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Enstatite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.650 - 1.668 nβ = 1.652 - 1.673 nγ = 1.659 - 1.679
2V:
Measured: 54° to 90°, Calculated: 58° to 86°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.020
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 Β΅m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 Β΅m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Chemistry of Enstatite
Mindat Formula:
Mg2Si2O6
Simplified: MgSiO3.
Simplified: MgSiO3.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ca,Al,Co,Ni,Mn,Ti,Cr,Na,K
Crystallography of Enstatite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbca
Cell Parameters:
a = 18.23 Å, b = 8.84 Å, c = 5.19 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.062 : 1 : 0.587
Unit Cell V:
836.39 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals, common forms include {100}, {010}, {100}, {210}, {101}, {111}, {211}; frequently striated // [001]
Twinning:
The often reported "Simple and lamellar twinning on {100}" is no twinning (the symmetry plane is part of the crystal structure). Twinning may be confused with exsolution lamellae.
Crystallographic forms of Enstatite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0001201 | Enstatite | Carlson W D, Swinnea J S, Miser D E (1988) Stability of orthoenstatite at high temperature and low pressure American Mineralogist 73 1255-1263 | ![]() | 1988 | 0 | 293 | |
0001244 | Enstatite | Angel R J, Gasparik T, Finger L W (1989) Crystal structure of a Cr-bearing pyroxene American Mineralogist 74 599-603 | ![]() | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
0001644 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
0001645 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 1.04 | 293 | |
0001646 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 1.95 | 293 | |
0001647 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 3.27 | 293 | |
0001648 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 4.09 | 293 | |
0001649 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 4.95 | 293 | |
0001650 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 5.85 | 293 | |
0001651 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 7 | 293 | |
0001652 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Angel R J (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa American Mineralogist 79 405-410 | ![]() | 1994 | 8.1 | 293 | |
0001693 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
0001694 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 1000 | |
0001695 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 1100 | |
0001696 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 1200 | |
0001697 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) A transitional structural state and anomalous Fe-Mg order-disorder in Mg-rich orthopyroxene, (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2Si2O6 American Mineralogist 80 9-20 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 1300 | |
0001755 | Enstatite | Domeneghetti M C, Molin G M, Stimpfl M, Tribaudino M (1995) Orthopyroxene from the Serra de Mage meteorite: Structure refinement and estimation of C2/c pyroxene contributions to apparent Pbca diffraction violations American Mineralogist 80 923-929 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
0001756 | Enstatite | Domeneghetti M C, Molin G M, Stimpfl M, Tribaudino M (1995) Orthopyroxene from the Serra de Mage meteorite: Structure refinement and estimation of C2/c pyroxene contributions to apparent Pbca diffraction violations American Mineralogist 80 923-929 | ![]() | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
0004153 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic sample | 0.0001 | 293 |
0004154 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic sample | 1.76 | 293 |
0004155 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic sample | 3.36 | 293 |
0004156 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic sample | 3.94 | 293 |
0004157 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Gatta G D, Ballaran T B (2006) The effect of Ca substitution on the elastic and structural behavior of orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 91 809-815 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic sample | 6.25 | 293 |
0004362 | Enstatite | Smyth J R, Mierdel K, Keppler H, Langenhorst F, Dubrovinsky L, Nestola F (2007) Crystal chemistry of hydration in aluminous orthopyroxene American Mineralogist 92 973-976 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
0019068 | Enstatite | Zhang J S, Dera P, Bass J D (2012) A new high-pressure phase transition in natural Fe-bearing orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 97 1070-1074 | 2012 | San Carlos, Arizona, USA | 12.66 | 293 | |
0019069 | Enstatite | Zhang J S, Dera P, Bass J D (2012) A new high-pressure phase transition in natural Fe-bearing orthoenstatite American Mineralogist 97 1070-1074 | 2012 | San Carlos, Arizona, USA | 14.26 | 293 | |
0020252 | Enstatite | Jacob D, Palatinus L, Cuvillier P, Leroux H, Domeneghetti C, Camara F (2013) Ordering state in orthopyroxene as determined by precession electron diffraction American Mineralogist 98 1526-1534 | 2013 | Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land, Antarctica | 0 | 293 | |
0020253 | Enstatite | Jacob D, Palatinus L, Cuvillier P, Leroux H, Domeneghetti C, Camara F (2013) Ordering state in orthopyroxene as determined by precession electron diffraction American Mineralogist 98 1526-1534 | 2013 | Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land, Antarctica | 0 | 293 | |
0020254 | Enstatite | Jacob D, Palatinus L, Cuvillier P, Leroux H, Domeneghetti C, Camara F (2013) Ordering state in orthopyroxene as determined by precession electron diffraction American Mineralogist 98 1526-1534 | 2013 | Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land, Antarctica | 0 | 293 | |
0020255 | Enstatite | Jacob D, Palatinus L, Cuvillier P, Leroux H, Domeneghetti C, Camara F (2013) Ordering state in orthopyroxene as determined by precession electron diffraction American Mineralogist 98 1526-1534 | 2013 | Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land, Antarctica | 0 | 293 | |
0005139 | Enstatite | Hawthorne F C, Ito J (1977) Synthesis and crystal-structure refinement of transition-metal orthopyroxenes I: Orthoenstatite and (Mg, Mn, Co) orthopyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 15 321-338 | ![]() | 1977 | 0 | 293 | |
0005140 | Enstatite | Hawthorne F C, Ito J (1977) Synthesis and crystal-structure refinement of transition-metal orthopyroxenes I: Orthoenstatite and (Mg, Mn, Co) orthopyroxene The Canadian Mineralogist 15 321-338 | ![]() | 1977 | 0 | 293 | |
0006054 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F, Meneghini C (2005) Rietveld refinement of clinopyroxenes with intermediate Ca-content along the join diopside-enstatite The Canadian Mineralogist 43 1411-1421 | ![]() | 2005 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
0006055 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F, Meneghini C (2005) Rietveld refinement of clinopyroxenes with intermediate Ca-content along the join diopside-enstatite The Canadian Mineralogist 43 1411-1421 | ![]() | 2005 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
0006929 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F (2002) Average and local structure in P2_1/c clinopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 14 549-555 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006930 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F (2002) Average and local structure in P2_1/c clinopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 14 549-555 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006931 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F (2002) Average and local structure in P2_1/c clinopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 14 549-555 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006932 | Enstatite | Tribaudino M, Nestola F (2002) Average and local structure in P2_1/c clinopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 14 549-555 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006978 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Tribaudino M (2003) The structure of Pbca orthopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 15 365-371 | 2003 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006979 | Enstatite | Nestola F, Tribaudino M (2003) The structure of Pbca orthopyroxenes along the join diopside-enstatite (CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6) European Journal of Mineralogy 15 365-371 | 2003 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007358 | Enstatite | Ohashi Y (1984) Polysynthetically-twinned structures of enstatite and wollastonite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 10 217-229 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007919 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 300-310 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007920 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 300-310 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007921 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 300-310 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007922 | Enstatite | Yang H, Ghose S (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 300-310 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008009 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008010 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 1.54 | 293 | ||
0008011 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 2.5 | 293 | ||
0008012 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 3.17 | 293 | ||
0008013 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 4.14 | 293 | ||
0008014 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 4.76 | 293 | ||
0008015 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 5.77 | 293 | ||
0008016 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 6.59 | 293 | ||
0008017 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 7.5 | 293 | ||
0008018 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008019 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 1.04 | 293 | ||
0008020 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 1.9 | 293 | ||
0008021 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 3 | 293 | ||
0008022 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 4.03 | 293 | ||
0008023 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 4.93 | 293 | ||
0008024 | Enstatite | Hugh-Jones D A, Chopelas A, Angel R J (1997) Tetrahedral compression in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 orthopyroxenes Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 301-310 | 1997 | 6.01 | 293 | ||
0009041 | Enstatite | Camara F, Iezzi G, Tiepolo M, Oberti R (2006) The crstal chemistry of lithium and Fe3+ in synthetic orthopyroxene Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 475-483 | 2006 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009042 | Enstatite | Camara F, Iezzi G, Tiepolo M, Oberti R (2006) The crstal chemistry of lithium and Fe3+ in synthetic orthopyroxene Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 475-483 | 2006 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009043 | Enstatite | Camara F, Iezzi G, Tiepolo M, Oberti R (2006) The crstal chemistry of lithium and Fe3+ in synthetic orthopyroxene Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 475-483 | 2006 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009057 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009058 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009059 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009060 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009061 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009062 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009063 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009064 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009065 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009066 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009067 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009068 | Enstatite | Gatta G D, Rinaldi R, Knight K S, Molin G, Artioli G (2007) High temperature structural and thermoelastic behaviour of mantle orthopyroxene: an in situ neutron powder diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 185-200 | 2007 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018104 | Enstatite | Warren B, Modell D (1930) The structure of enstatite, MgSiO3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 75 1-14 | 1930 | 0 | 293 | ||
0010680 | Enstatite | Morimoto N, Koto K (1969) The crystal structure of orthoenstatite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 129 65-83 | ![]() | 1969 | Bishopville meteorite | 0 | 293 |
0014680 | Enstatite | Angel R J, Chopelas A, Ross N L (1992) Stability of high-density clinoenstatite at upper-mantle pressures Nature 358 322-324 | 1992 | 7.93 | 293 | ||
0017925 | Enstatite | Takane K (1932) Crystal Structure of Bronzite from Chichi-jiama in the Bonin Islands _cod_database_code 1011018 Proceedings of the Japan Academy 8 308-311 | 1932 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.175 Γ | (100) |
2.878 Γ | (55) |
2.540 Γ | (25) |
1.488 Γ | (25) |
2.497 Γ | (18) |
2.477 Γ | (18) |
1.473 Γ | (18) |
Comments:
Bamble, Norway. Data from Lee and Heuer (1987).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Pre-terrestrial "Ur-minerals" | >4.57 |
1 : Stellar atmosphere condensates | |
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566β4.561 |
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566β4.560 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earthβs earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
Stage 3b: Earthβs earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites | |
39 : High-π metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh π facies) | |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Magmatic mafic rocks
Synonyms of Enstatite
Other Language Names for Enstatite
Dutch:Enstatiet
German:Enstatit
Amblystegit
Chladnit
Cladnit
Enstadit
Ficinit
O-enstatit
Orthobronzit
Orthoenstatit
Paulit
Peckhamit
Protobastit
Shepardit
Victorit
Amblystegit
Chladnit
Cladnit
Enstadit
Ficinit
O-enstatit
Orthobronzit
Orthoenstatit
Paulit
Peckhamit
Protobastit
Shepardit
Victorit
Russian:ΠΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:ι‘½η«θΎη³
ι‘½θΎη³
ι‘½θΎη³
Spanish:Amblystegita
Chladnita
Enstadita
Enstatita
Ficinita
Orthobronzita
Orthoenstatita
Paulita
Peckhamita
Protobastita
Shepardita
Victorita
Chladnita
Enstadita
Enstatita
Ficinita
Orthobronzita
Orthoenstatita
Paulita
Peckhamita
Protobastita
Shepardita
Victorita
Traditional Chinese:ι η«θΌη³
ι θΌη³
ι θΌη³
Varieties of Enstatite
Bronzite | An iron(II)-bearing variety of enstatite. The iron-dominant member is ferrosilite. See also the obsolete hypersthene, a mid-way member between enstatite and ferrosilite. |
Lime-Bronzite | A Calcian Bronzite |
Vanadinbronzite | A vanadium-bearing variety of enstatite. Originally reported from Bracco, Genova Province, Liguria, Italy. |
Relationship of Enstatite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Orthopyroxene Subgroup:
Donpeacorite | (Mn,Mg)MgSi2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
Ferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
Protoenstatite | Mg2Si2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
133 photos of Enstatite associated with Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
107 photos of Enstatite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
82 photos of Enstatite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
76 photos of Enstatite associated with Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
63 photos of Enstatite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
32 photos of Enstatite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
31 photos of Enstatite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
26 photos of Enstatite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
26 photos of Enstatite associated with Armalcolite-Pseudobrookite Series | |
24 photos of Enstatite associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.DA. | Colomeraite | NaTi3+Si2O6 |
9.DA. | Protoenstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
9.DA. | Ryabchikovite | CuMgSi2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Donpeacorite | (Mn,Mg)MgSi2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Ferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
9.DA.10 | Clinoferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Kanoite | Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
9.DA.15 | Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
9.DA.15 va | Jeffersonite | Ca(Mn,Zn,Fe)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Petedunnite | CaZnSi2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Esseneite | CaFe3+[AlSiO6] |
9.DA.15 | Kushiroite | CaAlAlSiO6 |
9.DA.15 | Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Davisite | CaScAlSiO6 |
9.DA.20 | Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
9.DA.20 | Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Jadeite | Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Jervisite | NaSc3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Tissintite | (Ca,β»)AlSi2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Kosmochlor | NaCrSi2O6 |
9.DA.30 | Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
9.DA.35 | Hiroseite | FeSiO3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Enstatite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Enstatite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1384.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Enstatite
Reference List:
Henry, N. F. M. (1935) Some data on the iron-rich hypersthenes. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 24 (151) 221-226 doi:10.1180/minmag.1935.024.151.04
Walls, Ronert (1935) A critical review of the data for a revision of the enstatite-hypersthene series. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 24 (150) 165-172 doi:10.1180/minmag.1935.24.150.04
Morimoto, Nobuo, Koto, Kichiro (1969) The crystal structure of orthoenstatite. Zeitschrift fΓΌr Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 129 (1) 65-83 doi:10.1524/zkri.1969.129.1-4.65
Anastasiou, P., Seifert, F. (1972) Solid solubility of Al2O3 in enstatite at high temperatures and 1?5 kb water pressure. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 34 (4) 272-287 doi:10.1007/bf00373758
Arima, Makoto, Onuma, Kosuke (1977) solubility of alumina in enstatite and the phase equilibria in the join MgSiO3-MgAl2SiO6 at 10-25 kbar. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 61 (3). 251-265 doi:10.1007/bf00376700
Danckwerth, P. A., Newton, R. C. (1978) Experimental determination of the spinel peridotite to garnet peridotite reaction in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the range 900-1100 Β°C and Al2O3 isopleths of enstatite in the spinel field. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 66 (2). 189-201 doi:10.1007/bf00372158
Annersten, Hans, Olesch, Martin, Seifert, Friedrich A. (1978) Ferric iron in orthopyroxene: a MΓΆssbauer spectroscopic study. Lithos, 11 (4) 301-310 doi:10.1016/0024-4937(78)90037-3
Ohashi, Yoshikazu (1984) Polysynthetically-twinned structures of enstatite and wollastonite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 10 (5) 217-229 doi:10.1007/bf00309314
Ghose, Subrata, Schomaker, Verner, McMullan, R. K. (1986) Enstatite, Mg2Si206: A neutron diffraction refinement of the crystal structure and a rigid-body analysis of the thermal vibration. Zeitschrift fΓΌr Kristallographie, 176 (3-4). 159-175 doi:10.1524/zkri.1986.176.3-4.159
LEE, W. E., HEUER, A. H. (1987) On the Polymorphism of Enstatite. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 70 (5). 349-360 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1987.tb05007.x
Duffy, Thomas S., Vaughan, Michael T. (1988) Elasticity of enstatite and its relationship to crystal structure. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 93. 383-391 doi:10.1029/jb093ib01p00383
Carlson, William D., Swinnea, J. Steven, Miser, Donald E. (1988) Stability of orthoenstatite at high temperature and low pressure. American Mineralogist, 73 (11-12) 1255-1263
Angel, R. J., Gasparik, T., Finger, L. W. (1989) Crystal structure of a Cr2+-bearing pyroxene. American Mineralogist, 74 (5-6) 599-603
Angel, R. J., Hugh-Jones, D. A. (1994) Equations of state and thermodynamic properties of enstatite pyroxenes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99. 19777-19783 doi:10.1029/94jb01750
Hugh-jones, Demelza A., Angel, Ross J. (1994) A compressional study of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite up to 8.5 GPa. American Mineralogist, 79 (5-6) 405-410
Yang, Hexiong, Ghose, Subrata (1995) High temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the ortho-proto phase transition in enstatite, Mg2Si2O6 at 1360 K. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 22 (5). 300-310 doi:10.1007/bf00202770
Jackson, Jennifer M., Sinogeikin, Stanislav V., Bass, Jay D. (1999) Elasticity of MgSiO3 orthoenstatite. American Mineralogist, 84 (4). 677-680 doi:10.2138/am-1999-0421
MORISHITA, Tomoaki, ARAI, Shoji (2001) Extremely low-Al orthopyroxene in the Horoman peridotite, Japan. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 96 (2) 48-53 doi:10.2465/jmps.96.48
Angel, Ross J., Jackson, Jennifer M. (2002) Elasticity and equation of state of orthoenstatite, MgSiO3. American Mineralogist, 87 (4) 558-561 doi:10.2138/am-2002-0419
Tarantino, Serena C., Domeneghetti, M. Chiara, Carpenter, Michael A., Shaw, Cliff J.S., Tazzoli, Vittorio (2002) Mixing properties of the enstatite-ferrosilite solid solution: I. A macroscopic perspective. European Journal of Mineralogy, 14 (3) 525-536 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0525
Tarantino, Serena C., Ballaran, Tiziana Boffa, Carpenter, Michael A., Domeneghetti, M. Chiara, Tazzoli, Vittorio (2002) Mixing properties of the enstatite-ferrosilite solid solution: II. A microscopic perspective. European Journal of Mineralogy, 14 (3) 537-547 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0537
Lin, Chung-Cherng (2003) Pressure-induced metastable phase transition in orthoenstatite (MgSiO3) at room temperature: a Raman spectroscopic study. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 174. 403-411 doi:10.1016/s0022-4596(03)00278-0
Jackson, Jennifer M., Sinogeikin, Stanislav V., Carpenter, Michael A., Bass, Jay D. (2004) Novel phase transition in orthoenstatite. American Mineralogist, 89 (1) 239-244 doi:10.2138/am-2004-0128
Kung, Jennifer, Li, Baosheng, Uchida, Takeyuki, Wang, Yanbin, Neuville, Daniel, Liebermann, Robert C. (2004) In situ measurements of sound velocities and densities across the orthopyroxene β high-pressure clinopyroxene transition in MgSiO3 at high pressure. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 147 (1). 27-44 doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2004.05.008
Localities for Enstatite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Junge et al. (2021) |
Algeria | |
| Endress et al. (1994) |
Wlotzka (ed.) +3 other references | |
| J.P. Lorand and J.Y. Cottin |
| Wlotzka (1991) |
| Lustrino et al. (2016) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Angola | |
| Nikitina et al. (2012) |
Antarctica | |
| Shen et al. (2022) |
Shen et al. (2022) | |
| Lee et al. (2019) |
Ruzicka et al. (1999) | |
Meteorlogical Bulletin | |
Grossman et al. (1993) | |
Brearley et al. (1998) | |
Meteorlogical Bulletin | |
Meteorological Bulletin | |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) |
Grew (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Grew (1982) |
Grew (1982) | |
Grew (1982) | |
Meteorlogical Bulletin +1 other reference | |
| McKie (1963) |
Eur. J. Mineral. | |
Lin et al. (1991) | |
| Russell et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Miyamoto et al. (1985) | |
| Himmelberg et al. (1977) |
| Hiroi et al. (2023) |
Kimura et al. (1992) | |
| Ikeda Yukio (1988) +1 other reference |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) +1 other reference | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Yabuki (1978) | |
Kato et al. (2017) | |
Itoh et al. (2003) | |
Lin et al. (1998) | |
Ohgo et al. (2017) | |
| SΓΆnmez et al. (2025) |
| Rosenshein et al. (2006) |
Jeffrey N. Grossman (1988) | |
Housley (1984) | |
Steele et al. (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Guan et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
FOGEL (1997) | |
Rochette et al. (2008) | |
Molin et al. (1994) | |
| Keil et al. (2011) |
| Enstatite +3 other references |
| Anzures et al. (2024) |
| Mozer (2012) |
Smellie et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
Argentina | |
| www.campometeorites.com/history.htm |
| O. Rabbia et al. (1993) |
| PALMER et al. (2011) |
| KOSTADINOFF |
| Mineralogy and Petrology (2000) |
| Gerarduzzi et al. (2016) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Beard et al. (2009) |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Australia | |
| Oskierski et al. (2013) |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ashley et al. (1993) |
| |
| Daly et al. (1956) |
| Warren et al. (1974) |
| T. Ferroir +1 other reference |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| J. S. Delaney et al. (1985) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2020) |
| Bottrill et al. (2002) |
| Mathew Latham coll. |
| Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R. Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection | |
Judy Rowe collection | |
| PALMER et al. (2011) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Hoatson et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Buseck et al. (1972) |
| G McCall and W Cleverly +2 other references |
G McCall and W Cleverley +2 other references | |
The Nallah Meteorite +2 other references | |
| Campbell et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
Cox (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Hamlyn (1975) |
| Bevan et al. (1988) |
| Marston (1984) |
| G McCall and W Cleverly +2 other references |
G McCall and W Cleverly +2 other references | |
Keil et al. (1982) | |
| Marston (1984) |
Collins et al. (2012) | |
Marston (1984) | |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| McCall et al. (1966) |
| Marston (1984) |
| A New Siderolite from Bencubbin +2 other references |
| Trommsdorff et al. (1968) |
| |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| The Wiluna Meteorite Fall +1 other reference |
| Kubel +6 other references |
| New Material From +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| Ravasz et al. (1977) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Thiedig (1962) |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Carswell (1991) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Siddiqi (1971) |
| |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Knobloch et al. (2021) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
Krahuletzmuseum collection | |
| Wolfgang Ecker collection |
| KIESSLING (1930b) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Exel (1993) | |
Mason (1976) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Postl (1981) |
Chris Auer collection | |
| Niedermayr (1993) |
| Roland Nilica collection (analysed) |
| H.Schabereiter |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Collection of NHM |
| Taucher (1989) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Krause et al. (2025) |
Azerbaijan | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Bangladesh | |
| Uddin et al. (2022) |
Botswana | |
| Stiefenhofer et al. (1997) |
| Massey (1973) |
Brazil | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1978) |
| Zucolotto et al. (2001) |
| Candia et al. (1997) |
Candia et al. (1997) | |
| Soares et al. (2018) |
| Atencio et al. (2020) |
Burkina Faso | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) |
Cameroon | |
| 489-492. (July 1997) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| www.venuewest.com/8IKC/s1post.htm. |
| Dawson +5 other references |
| Menard et al. (1996) |
| Hill |
| Promprated et al. (2003) |
| Harrison Cookenboo (1996) |
| Mundt |
| Roach et al. (1998) |
| Journal of Petrology 40:79-104 |
| Laarman |
| Alan E. Rubin |
| Currie (1980) |
| Sage (1987) |
| D. H. Watkinson and G. Dunning v (1979) |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Can Mineral December 1 |
| Can Mineral December 1 |
| Richard Gunter Collection. |
| Can Mineral December 1 +1 other reference |
| Velthuizen (1993) |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
Sabina (1986) +1 other reference | |
| McDonald et al. (1994) |
| castaing.eps.mcgill.ca (n.d.) |
| Thomson et al. (1981) |
| Ruzicka et al. (2012) |
5th International Platinum Symposium ... | |
| Barkov et al. (2008) |
| |
Central African Republic | |
| Hoinkes et al. (1975) |
Chile | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
China | |
| Yilin Xiao et al. (2000) |
| Kuiren Wang and Junxin Wang (1987) |
| Hong et al. (1999) |
| Kievlenko et al. (2003) |
| Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ... |
| Li Li et al. (2010) |
| He et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 18 (1) +1 other reference |
| Wei Hou and Mingzai Wang (1988) |
| Mengxi Wang and Yan Wang (2012) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Zhang et al. (2023) |
| Research Group of Suizhou Meteorite (1986) |
| Wang et al. (1977) |
| Hongquan She et al. (2006) |
| Zhu et al. (2015) |
| Jinsheng Wei et al. (1985) |
| Kievlenko et al. (2003) |
| Lunar and Planetary Science |
| Zicheng Chen (1991) |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Zhao |
| Jiang et al. (2024) |
| Shuguang Song et al. (2004) |
| Huiwen Liu et al. (2014) |
| Xiyue Wang et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Yongheng Chen et al. (1998) |
| Science |
| Zhao et al. (2006) |
| Bai et al. (2018) |
| www.meteorites4sale.net (n.d.) |
| FENG et al. (2017) |
| Bao Peisheng et al. (2007) |
| XU et al. (2023) |
| ZHOU et al. (1996) |
| |
| Yunshuai Li et al. (2013) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2007) |
| Fengmei Chai et al. (2006) |
| Ruan +3 other references |
| Chen et al. (2014) |
| Chunming Han et al. (2007) |
| Li Zhao et al. (2006) |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Zhou et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
Costa Rica | |
| RodrΓguez et al. (2017) |
Croatia | |
| Hoinkes et al. (1976) |
Cuba | |
| Tauler et al. (2023) |
| Pujol-SolΓ et al. (2018) |
DomΓnguez-Carretero et al. (2024) | |
Domènech et al. (2014) | |
RΓos et al. (1984) | |
| Yin et al. (2021) |
Czech Republic | |
| KratochvΓl |
| |
| TuΔek K.: Meteority a jejich vΓ½skyt v ... |
| PauliΕ‘ |
| Bernard J. H. et al. Mineralogie ... |
| Kopa |
| Kurat (1970) |
| Kenngott (1855) |
| NovotnΓ½ |
| Δech |
| Welser |
| ZikeΕ‘ |
| TuΔek K.: Meteority a jejich vΓ½skyt v ... |
| TuΔek K.: Meteority a jejich vΓ½skyt v ... |
| Rost R.: DoplΕky k mineralogii ... |
| NΔmec et al. (monografie hadce) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| ΔUΔA |
Kopa | |
| Petr PauliΕ‘ (2001) |
| TuΔek K.: Meteority a jejich vΓ½skyt v ... |
Dominican Republic | |
| Domènech et al. (2022) |
East Timor | |
| Lay et al. (2017) |
Egypt | |
| Methot et al. (1975) |
| Khedr et al. (2020) |
Abdelfadil et al. (2025) | |
Atef et al. (2023) | |
Kharbish (2020) | |
Atef et al. (2023) | |
Estonia | |
| Keil (1968) +1 other reference |
Eswatini | |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) |
Gan et al. (n.d.) | |
| Daniels (1991) |
Finland | |
| 33 IGC excursion No 15 |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +1 other reference |
Econ Geol (1986) +1 other reference | |
| FrΓΆhlich et al. (2021) |
| JΓ€rvinen et al. (2019) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Rubin +1 other reference |
| KΓ€rkkΓ€inen et al. (1999) |
France | |
| BRGM (1988) |
| y Yannick Vessely collection |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Watters et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les PΓ©ridotites ... |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les PΓ©ridotites ... +1 other reference |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
F.H. Forestier : "Les PΓ©ridotites ... | |
| FORESTIER F. H. (1969) |
| |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les PΓ©ridotites ... |
Forestier (1964) | |
Forestier (1964) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| MΓΌller et al. (2023) |
Designolle (2023) | |
| Leblanc et al. (1987) |
| Designolle (2021) |
Gourgaud A. (1985) | |
| Philippe RΓ©my collection |
| P & E MΓ©dard collection |
P & E MΓ©dard collection | |
P & E MΓ©dard collection | |
P & E MΓ©dard collection | |
PΓ©rinet (n.d.) | |
MΓ©dard et al. (2021) | |
| P & E MΓ©dard collection |
Hède | |
| MΓ©dard P. et al. (2009) |
| F. Wlotzka & H. Palme (1982) |
| PΓ©rinet (n.d.) |
| Hewins (2014) +1 other reference |
D. Westercamp and H Taziefff (1980) | |
| D. Westercamp and H Taziefff (1980) |
| Robertson Collection |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Teitler et al. (2022) |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| T. Sameshima et al. |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Wells et al. (2009) +4 other references |
| J.L. Bodinier et al. et al. (30) |
| J.L. Bodinier et al. et al. (30) +1 other reference |
| Inventaire MinΓ©ralogique de la France ... |
| G. Trolliard et al. +1 other reference |
| Shimizu et al. (2002) |
| Ian M. Steele (1990) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Georgia | |
| Εrodek et al. (2018) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
Walenta (1992) | |
| Tschermak (1884,1885) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| G. Simon et al. : "The Meteorite ... +2 other references |
| F. MΓΌller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| - (2010) +1 other reference |
| Hentschel (1960) |
| |
Roland Schmidt Collection--Littleton | |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Moreva-Perekalina (1985) |
| Frechen (1976) |
| Ramdohr (1969) |
| Mori et al. (1981) |
| MΓΆhl (1868) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Rath |
| Loock et al. (1990) |
| Viereck |
| Personally collected by GΓΌnter Frenz |
Rondorf et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Rath |
Viereck | |
Rath et al. (Hypersthen) | |
| Rath |
| Rath |
| Hentschel (1983) |
Hentschel (1983) | |
| Lapis (5) +1 other reference |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
Brauns (1922) | |
| Marko Burkhardt Collection |
| SchΓΌller et al. (1986) |
| El-Kaluoby |
| BlaΓ (2020) |
| SchΓΌller (1990) |
| KΓΆster (1960) |
| Koch (1886) |
| SchmΓ€dicke et al. (1997) |
SchmΓ€dicke et al. (1997) | |
| TuΔek K.: Meteority a jejich vΓ½skyt v ... |
| SchmΓ€dicke et al. (1997) |
| Mineralienatlas.de |
| Wittern (2001) |
Lapis 11 (7/8) | |
| VollstΓ€dt (1979) |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ... |
| Wagenknecht (1993) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
Ghana | |
| Stachel et al. (1997) |
Greece | |
| Grieco et al. (2023) |
| Garuti et al. (1999) |
| Dabitzias (1980) |
Tsikouras et al. (2006) | |
| Grieco et al. (2012) |
Greenland | |
| BΓΈggild (1953) |
BΓΈggild (1953) | |
BΓΈggild (1953) | |
| BΓΈggild (1953) |
| BΓΈggild (1953) |
Vereshchagin et al. (2024) | |
| Guotana et al. (2018) |
| BΓΈggild (1953) |
| BΓΈggild (1953) |
Petersen et al. (1993) | |
| Petersen et al. (1980) |
BΓΈggild (1953) | |
Windley B.F. et al. (1989) | |
Hungary | |
| KovΓ‘cs et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological ... |
| KohΓΊt et al. (2019) |
| SΓ‘ndor et al. (2005) |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of SzΓ‘r Hill |
| Kimura et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| SΓ‘ndor et al. (2005) |
| SΓ‘ndor et al. (2005) |
| SzakΓ‘ll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
| SzakΓ‘ll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
Iceland | |
| Furman et al. (2025) |
India | |
| Barman et al. (2016) |
| Kaur et al. (2016) |
| Chalapathi Rao et al. (2004) |
| Leelanandam |
| Kumar et al. (1996) +4 other references |
| Bhandari et al. (1975) |
| Mason et al. (1962) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference |
| Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) |
Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) | |
Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Ray et al. (2016) |
| Premi et al. (2023) |
| Nayak et al. (2023) |
| Sahu et al. (2022) |
Jena et al. (2017) | |
| Buchanan et al. (1993) |
| STripathi et al. (2000) |
| Hutchison et al. (1974) +3 other references |
| Jones (1996) |
| Sharma et al. (2006) |
| Bull. Soc. FranΓ§. MinΓ©ralo. ... +1 other reference |
| Ruzicka (1990) +1 other reference |
Indonesia | |
| Qi et al. (2024) |
| Taixu Luo (2008) |
Iran | |
| Baccolo et al. (2019) |
| OberhΓ€nsli et al. (2007) |
| Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) |
Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) | |
Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) | |
| Burragato F. et al. (1974) |
| Ward (1901) |
| Mazhari et al. (2009) |
Italy | |
| Stoppa et al. (1997) |
| Catalano et al. (2014) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| luigi chiapinno |
Russo et al. (2004) | |
| www.gmgn.it (n.d.) |
| Mason et al. (1962) |
| Rosati (1910a) +3 other references |
| Carapezza et al. (1976) |
| Baldanza (1965) +1 other reference |
| Galli (1963) |
| Analysed to Roma 3 university from ... |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| |
| Tumiati et al. (2018) |
| Hermann et al. (2006) |
Hermann et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Garzanti et al. (1998) |
| Levi-Donati et al. (1971) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Maras et al. (1979) |
| Simon et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Piccoli (2002) | |
| Roccati (1903) |
| Prete (1995) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piolti (1896) |
| www.webmineralshop.com (2001) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Traverso S. (1895) +2 other references |
The Canadian Mineralogist | |
| and BeitrΓ€ge zur Geologie der Schweiz +4 other references |
Natale et al. (1976) | |
| Sessa et al. (2017) |
| Artioli et al. (1990) |
| Gamboni et al. (2006) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Lustrino et al. (2000) |
Conte et al. (2010) | |
| Lustrino et al. (1999) |
| Levi-Donati G.R. (1972) |
| Sicurella et al. (2010) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Malgarotto et al. (1993) | |
| F. Brignoli self collected |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Correale et al. (2019) |
| S. Tonarini et al. |
| 86 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Florian Tauber |
| Meteoretical Bulletin Database +1 other reference |
| Franzini M. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
| Keil et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Grossman et al. (2001) |
| Clarke et al. (1975) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Gouedji et al. (2014) |
Japan | |
| Analyses by Dr Kazumi Yokoyama |
| Dr Kazumi Yokoyama analyses |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Shima et al. (1980) |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago and Dr ... |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago and Dr ... |
| chromian enstatite. Kitahara (1958) |
| Takazawa et al. (1999) |
| Dr Kazumi Yokoyama analyses |
| Dr Kazumi Yokoyama analyses |
| NISHIOβHAMANE et al. (2021) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Tokiko Tiba (1989) |
Tokiko Tiba (1989) | |
Tokiko Tiba (1989) | |
| Terashima et al. (2004) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference |
| TAKAI et al. (2012) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| Analyses by Dr Kazumi Yokoyama |
| Alfredo Petrov |
jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/eng/index.html | |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| Analyses by Dr Kazumi Yokoyama |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Momma et al. (2015) | |
| Analyses by Dr Shinichi Kuramoto and Dr ... |
| Analyses by Dr Shinichi Kuramoto and Dr ... |
Jordan | |
| Yaseen (2014) |
Kazakhstan | |
| |
| Melcher et al. (1999) |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) |
Saveliev et al. (2023) | |
| |
Kenya | |
| Ministry of Energy and Regional ... +4 other references |
Lesotho | |
| Nixon et al. (1968) |
| Field et al. (2008) |
Libya | |
| Connolly Jr (2006) +1 other reference |
| Ikeda et al. (2000) +2 other references |
Meteoritical Bulletin 84 (Aug.2000) +1 other reference | |
Zhang et al. (2013) | |
Lithuania | |
| PruΕ‘inskienΔ et al. (2017) |
| Zolensky et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Behier et al. (1959) |
| Bruyère et al. (2016) |
| Razakamanana et al. (2006 ) |
Razakamanana et al. (2006 ) | |
| Eur. J. MinΓ©ral +1 other reference |
| Ashwal et al. (1998) |
Michel Arliguie collection & photo (photo id 907291) | |
Malawi | |
| Prinz +3 other references |
Mali | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) |
Mexico | |
| Lherzolite nodules +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Ruzicka et al. (2006) |
Middle East | |
Vapnik et al. (2006) | |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Ejima et al. (2018) |
| Savina et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| www.dmitrenkogg.narod.ru (n.d.) |
Morocco | |
| Harold C. Connally (2007) |
Myanmar | |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Themelis (2008) |
Themelis (2008) | |
Harlow G1 (2014) | |
Themelis (2008) | |
Themelis (2008) | |
| |
Namibia | |
| |
| von Seckendorff et al. (2000) |
New Zealand | |
| Searle (1961) |
Searle (1961) | |
| S.Mills |
J. W. COLE et al. (Whakaari) | |
| Dickey (1968) +4 other references |
| Hackett W R. |
| Christensen (1984) |
| Brothers et al. (1981) |
Brothers et al. (1981) | |
| Olivine nodules from Tokatoka et al. (1) |
| Mason (1968) |
| Mossman et al. (2000) |
Mossman et al. (2000) | |
| C. M. Ward (1984) |
| Kimura et al. (1998) |
| Gill et al. (1970) |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Battey (1962) |
Nigeria | |
| Watters et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
North Africa | |
| Gannoun et al. (2011) +2 other references |
Piani et al. (2016) | |
North Macedonia | |
| ΔorΔeviΔ et al. (2024) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
... | |
Srinivasan et al. (2018) | |
Fintor et al. (2013) | |
Moggi-Cecchi et al. (2007) | |
Bunch et al. (2008) | |
www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) | |
Bunch et al. (2008) | |
Jacquet et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
www.lpi.usra.edu (2010) | |
Metzler et al. (2011) | |
Norway | |
| Touret et al. (1971) |
| Washington et al. (1923) |
| RΓΈmming et al. (1980) |
| Grew et al. (1998) |
BrΓΈgger et al. (1880) | |
Neumann (1985) | |
| Cutts (2019) |
| Apeiranthiti (2016) |
MΓΈrk (1985) | |
| SchΓΆnig et al. (2018) |
| Hysingjord (1967) |
Cutts (2019) | |
| Lapen et al. (2009) |
| Larsen (1978) |
Kostenko et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
Pers. Com. K. Brastad 02.1982 in ... +1 other reference | |
Augsten (2014) | |
Augsten (2014) | |
| Garmo (2013) |
Eskola (1921) | |
| SΓΈrensen (1955) |
| Hiortdahl (1879) +1 other reference |
| Hermans et al. (1976) |
| Jean-Clair Duchesne ed. (2001) |
| Svensen (2004) |
| phase relations +1 other reference |
| Duchesne (1999) +1 other reference |
Schiellerup et al. (2003) | |
| Boysen et al. (1991) |
| BrΓΈgger et al. (1880) |
| - (1885) |
BrΓΈgger et al. (1875) | |
Bugge (1965) | |
- (2024) | |
Bugge (1965) | |
| photo-1111481 |
Nordrum (2008) | |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM- 6383 ( Find of sept-2007) | |
| Nordrum (2011) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Ohnmacht (1974) |
| Elvevold et al. (1996) |
| BΓΈe (1976) |
BΓΈe (2001) | |
| WitsΓΈ (1995) |
| Berget (2006) |
| NGU |
| Geology Society of Glasgow (2013) |
| Briani et al. (2012) |
Oman | |
| Miura et al. (2012) |
| Slyuta et al. (2008) |
Ivanova et al. (2003, March) | |
The Meteoritical Bulletin | |
Zhang et al. (2015) | |
Reed (1968) | |
| Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2000) |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2008) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2002) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2003) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2002) | |
- (2004, July) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| R. Hekinian et al. |
Contr. Min. Petr. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2024) |
Pakistan | |
| Kakar et al. (2013) |
| Zafar et al. (2025) |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| - (2002) |
| Prior (1918) +1 other reference |
| Keil (1968) +1 other reference |
| Keil et al. (1965) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Davies |
| Lowder (1970) |
Peru | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Philippines | |
| Ruth et al. (2021) |
| Fournelle et al. (1996) |
| Watanabe +5 other references |
| Zhigang Wang (2010) |
Poland | |
| Karwowski et al. (2015) |
| MarszaΕek M. & Czerny J. 2009: ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| BiaΕowolska A. 1973 - Geochemia ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Δwiek et al. (2014) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| SachanbiΕski et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Spangenberg et al. (1949) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Chodyniecka L. (1969) |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (August, 2000) +1 other reference |
| Karwowski Ε. 2003: The new ... |
| ... |
Portugal | |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Bull. Soc. FranΓ§. MinΓ©ralo. ... |
Romania | |
| SzakΓ‘ll |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (2010) |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (2010) |
| KΓΆnig et al. (2001) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) |
Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) | |
Spiridonov et al. (2018) | |
Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Kislov et al. (2022) |
| Shin Ozawa et al. (2014) |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
| Safina et al. (2015) |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Nedosekova (2007) +1 other reference |
Chudnenko +2 other references | |
| Ruzicka et al. (2014) |
| Podlipsky et al. (2015) |
| Skolotnev et al. (2018, March) |
| Pekov et al. (2023) +4 other references |
| Shchipalkina et al. (2020) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Lavrik et al. (2020) |
| Erokhin et al. (2016) |
Erokhin et al. (2017, December) +1 other reference | |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Sklyarov +5 other references |
Sklyarov +5 other references | |
Sklyarov +5 other references | |
| www.igem.ru (2001) |
| Barkov et al. (2025) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2008) |
| |
Orsoev et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Chashchin et al. (2021) |
| Chukanov et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Barkov et al. (2017) |
| Litasov et al. (2018) |
| Erokhin et al. (2018) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2013) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. +2 other references |
Barkov et al. (2004) | |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kostin (2021) |
| Sobolev et al. (2003) |
| Rezvukhin +10 other references |
Nimis et al. (2009) | |
| Argunov (1990) |
Sobolev et al. (1997) | |
| Litasov et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Trunilina et al. (2022) |
Okrugin et al. (2023) | |
Okrugin et al. (2021) | |
| Kiseleva et al. (2014) |
| Antonov A.A. [ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π.Π.] (2003) |
Shabutdinov et al. (2024) | |
| David A. Kring (1987) |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
Shmelev V.R. et al. (2014) | |
| Lorenz et al. (2000) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Camp et al. (1989) +2 other references |
| Abuamarah et al. (2023) |
Slovakia | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
ΔuΔa | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Uher P. |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) +1 other reference | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
Grecula (1995) | |
| OzdΓn et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| PauliΕ‘ et al. (2002) |
HΓ‘ber et al. (Dankova, SGR Mnts) | |
PauliΕ‘ et al. (2002) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| ΔuΔa |
| MyΕ‘ΔΎan et al. (2024) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
Solomon Islands | |
| Allen et al. (1965) +3 other references |
Allen et al. (1965) | |
South Africa | |
| Lightfoot et al. (1984) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Field et al. (2008) |
| Tsai et al. (1979) |
| Meyer (2021) |
| Viljoen et al. (2014) |
| Anhaeusser et al. (1978) |
Anhaeusser et al. (1976) | |
| McCall (2016) |
Kottke-Levin (2011) | |
| Van der Merwe (2011) +2 other references |
| Klemd +6 other references |
Li et al. (2004) | |
| McCall (2016) |
| Barkov et al. (2001) |
| Dzvinamurungu (2012) |
| Smith et al. (2013) |
Econ Geol (1986) | |
| Andreoli et al. (1999) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Mathias et al. (1970) | |
| Field et al. (2008) |
Field et al. (2008) | |
| Maier (2000) |
| Prior (1918) +1 other reference |
| Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (Historical Archives) |
| Miyahara et al. (2008) |
| M. A. G. Andreoli +4 other references |
Spain | |
| Evans et al. (2012) |
| Prinz et al. (1983, March) |
| Alejandro SΓ‘nchez JimΓ©nez |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Crisp et al. (1987) +12 other references |
H.U. Schmincke and M. Sumita : "Tephra Event Stratigraphy and Emplacement of Volcanoclastic Sediments et al. (ISSN: 1096-7451) | |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2023) |
| SuΓ‘rez et al. (2011) |
| Madon et al. (1991) +3 other references |
| Sevillan et al. (2009) |
| S. Capedri et al. : "Upper-mantle ... |
Sri Lanka | |
| Hapuarachichi +3 other references |
| Dissanayake et al. (2000) |
Sudan | |
| Hey et al. (10) +1 other reference |
| Kimura et al. (2021) |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| Jonsson (1996) +2 other references |
| GFF 72 |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Coin (2017) |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Tarnuzzer (1902) +1 other reference |
Tarnuzzer (1902) +1 other reference | |
De Quervain (1935) +2 other references | |
| Trommsdorff et al. (1969) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Peters (1968) |
| Bozhilov (1999) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UHPM Workshop 2001 at Waseda University 3P05 (Page 201-202) | |
| Erik Vercammen collection and field ... |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Levitskii V.I. (1990) |
Malsy et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (1963) | |
Tanzania | |
| J.B. Dawson |
| McKie (1963) |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| R.L. Rudnick et al. |
| Mason (1966) |
| Jochen O. Hintze |
Jason Smith specimen | |
| |
| Zwaan (1974) |
Thailand | |
| Srithai (2005, November) +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| Weisberg et al. (2008) |
| Erik Vercammen field observation and ... |
| Echle (1967) |
| Kozlu et al. (2014) |
| Sunkari et al. (2025) |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Harker (1895) +2 other references |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
Mason (1976) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| 102 (3) +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
Render (n.d.) | |
| Kallemeyn (1996) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Kvasnytsya et al. (2001) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) |
| Vyshnevskyi (2015) |
| Semenenko et al. (2001) |
M. A. Nazarov et al. (1996) | |
| Sungatullin et al. (2018) |
| Keidel (1965) |
United Arab Emirates | |
| HEZEL et al. (2008) |
| Geological Magazine 139 (3) |
Gnos et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Dean (1995) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Ransom (1974) | |
| Van Gosen (2005) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Dean (1995) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Cook et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| |
| Mason et al. (1967) +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Haxel et al. (2023) |
| Gilluly (1937) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
Michael Cline Collection | |
| Data provided by Janet Clifford |
| Bunch et al. (1969) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
| Howard (2007) |
| Dummett (1987) |
Howard (2007) | |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Rose (1959) |
| Clark et al. (1963) |
Kunz (1905) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Zolensky (2014) |
| - (2005) |
| Whitfield (1890) +1 other reference |
| Leonard (1953) +2 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| FΓ€rber (n.d.) |
| Hart (1966) +3 other references |
| Lindgren (1896a) +3 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:12:247. |
| www.minresco.com (n.d.) |
www.minresco.com (n.d.) | |
| with chemical analyses by W.T. ... +6 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| |
| Himmelberg et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Berke et al. (2023) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hutchison et al. (1995) |
| Meteoritics +1 other reference |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Lundgren et al. (1963) |
| Dana 6:1070. |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Roswell Miller III (1945) | |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Roswell Miller III (1945) | |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Roswell Miller III (1945) | |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Roswell Miller III (1945) | |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
Van Gosen (2005) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:203 +1 other reference |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:204. |
| Hopkins (1914) |
| Van Gosen (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| B. De Vivo et al. |
| White |
| - (2005) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1967 36 : 120-126 |
| Lipschutz et al. (1993) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Fuchs L H (1967) |
| Kracher et al. (1985) |
| Smith (1877) |
| Am Min 67:132-136 +2 other references |
| Weisberg et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Farrington (1915) |
| Farrington |
| Graham et al. (1985) |
| PALMER et al. (2011) |
| Davis et al. (1989, March) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Zeitner (1968) |
| Smith (1877) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Falster et al. (2004) |
| Mason (1966) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| Reilly (2003) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Houston |
| Wandke |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:144-145 +1 other reference |
| Stuart Herring Collection |
Ostrander et al. (1940) | |
| Jat Thompson Collection |
| Roswell Miller III (1945) |
Ransom (1974) | |
| |
Gleba (2008) | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Emerson (1917) +1 other reference |
| Emerson (1917) |
Yale Peabody Museum #1731 | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Grout (1946) |
| P. W. Weiblen and Henry HaII (1967) |
| Ntaflos et al. (1993) |
| Gobla (2012) |
USGS Bull 1674D | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| British Museum specimen (BM 1981,134) |
USGS Bulletin 1674E | |
USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies Map ... | |
Gobla (2012) | |
- (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Bart Cannon (Cannon Microprobe, Seattle) |
ID by microprobe on polished section | |
| Olsen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| JSS photo |
| Macdonald et al. (2019) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| BAKER et al. (1970) |
Bronzite (1969) | |
| Baker et al. (1970) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Gillerman (1964) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Kevin Czaja Collection |
| Bulletin |
| Personal Collection |
Collected by Steve Okulewicz | |
| Marian Lupulescu (2008) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| - (Briden¬baugh, 1873) |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Stack (2008) |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Palache et al. (1930) |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening Summary Report (2006) |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening Summary Report (2006) |
| www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com |
- (2005) | |
| Dana 6:1074. |
| - (2010) |
Steven F. Mittwede and Edward F. Stoddard (1989) | |
[var: Bronzite] joseph Hyde Pratt and Joseph Volney Lewis (1905) | |
| Dana 6:515 |
Streeter (2003) | |
Genth et al. (1881) | |
Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
Swanson +1 other reference | |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference |
- (2006) | |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference | |
Mason (1976) | |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference | |
Hunter (1941) | |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening Summary Report (2006) | |
Wilson et al. (1978) | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Ref.: Dana 6:499 |
EL-Shazley et al. (2011) | |
| - (2005) |
Rocks and Minerals (1985) +1 other reference | |
Wilson et al. (1978) | |
Swanson +1 other reference | |
Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Meteroitical Bulletin Database |
Steven F. Mittwede and Edward F. Stoddard (1989) | |
| - (2010) |
[var: Bronzite] Ransom (1974) | |
C.W. Allen collection | |
| North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2010) |
Genth (1891) | |
| Dana 6: 1080. |
| Wilson et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
North Carolina NOA Site Screening ... +1 other reference | |
| Daniel Hummer Collection |
K. Volkman collection | |
Don Howard and Kent England Enstatite ... | |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes |
| Howard (2008) |
| Douglas Merson collection |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Sloto (1989) |
| RRUFF ID: R070097 |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference |
| Joe Dunleavy (Pers. Comm.) |
Gordon (1922) | |
| Min PA 1922 S. Gordon pg. 199 |
| Dana 6:1069. |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Sloto (2019) |
Dana 6: 1069. | |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference |
| AmMin 11:334-340 |
| Yale Peabody Museum +2 other references |
| Museum Victoria Collections Specimen E ... |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Olsen et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Fredriksson et al. (1984) |
| |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Davis et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114) +1 other reference |
| |
| Zhidong Xie et al. |
| |
| Bullock (1981) |
| New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook |
New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook | |
Buchwald (1975) | |
New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook | |
New Mexico GeologicalSociety Guidebook | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Perkins |
| USGS Circular 95 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Fredriksson (1969) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Swanson |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| JΓ©rome et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Journal of Petrology 16 (1) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Zach Capel |
| Cannon (1975) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
Moen (1969) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Meteoritics |
| Klewin +1 other reference |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01/meteorite.html +1 other reference |
| Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114) |
| Coopersmith et al. (2003, June) |
| W.D.Hausel |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| Barton |
Western Sahara | |
| Patzer et al. (2001) |
Yemen | |
| Zolensky et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Meck et al. (2011) |
| Meck et al. (2011) |
| Kopylova et al. (1997) |
| Chaumba (2017) |
162173 Ryugu | |
Mars | |
| Morrison et al. (2024) |
| Morrison et al. (2024) |
Morrison et al. (2024) | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
www.cometshopnew.com (n.d.) | |
Outer Space | |
Nakamura-Messenger et al. (2010) | |
Gornitz (2007) +1 other reference | |
The Moon | |
| Meteoritical Bulletin |
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Ohngaing, Mogok Valley, Mogok Township, Pyin-Oo-Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar