Hedenbergite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hedenbergite
Formula:
CaFe2+Si2O6
Colour:
Brownish green, black
Lustre:
Vitreous, Dull
Hardness:
5½ - 6½
Specific Gravity:
3.56
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1819 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in honor of Mr. Anders Ludvig (Ludwig) Hedenberg [1781 Sweden - 1809 Sweden], formerly a clerk associated with Mountain College, and later chemistry student and co-worker with Berzelius and who first found it at Mormorgruvan, Tunaberg, Sweden and published a description of the mineral. Later Berzelius (in 1819) named the mineral and described it. Hedenberg and Berzelius attempted to make compounds involving nitrogen and sulfur. {N.B. The first initial commonly attributed to Anders Ludvig Hedenberg's name signifies the title "Mister" and not to a given name.}
Pyroxene Group - Clinopyroxene Subgroup. See also the Hedenbergite-Johannsenite Series, Diopside-Hedenbergite Series, and the Hedenbergite-Petedunnite solid solution.
Compare UM2004-50-SiO:AlFeGd.
Compare UM2004-50-SiO:AlFeGd.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1842
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1842:1
Classification of Hedenbergite

Hedenbergite and its relation to other pyroxenes (after Morimoto et al, 1989)

Previous petrological nomenclature of clinopyroxenes from basaltic magmas (after Poldervaart & Hess, 1951)
IMA Classification of Hedenbergite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
9.DA.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
65.1.3a.2
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
14.22.1
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
22 : Silicates of Fe and Ca
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
22 : Silicates of Fe and Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Hd | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Hd | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Hd | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Hd | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Hedenbergite
Vitreous, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Opaque
Colour:
Brownish green, black
Streak:
White, grey
Hardness:
5½ - 6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {110}
Good on {110}
Parting:
{100}{010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.56 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.65 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hedenbergite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.699 - 1.739 nβ = 1.705 - 1.745 nγ = 1.728 - 1.757
2V:
Measured: 58° to 63°, Calculated: 56° to 72°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.029
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= pale green, bluish green
Y= green, bluish green
Z= green, yellow green
Y= green, bluish green
Z= green, yellow green
Chemistry of Hedenbergite
Mindat Formula:
CaFe2+Si2O6
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mn,Zn,Ti,Al,Mg,Na,K
Crystallography of Hedenbergite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.85 Å, b = 9.01 Å, c = 5.25 Å
β = 104.82°
β = 104.82°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.093 : 1 : 0.583
Unit Cell V:
450.43 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Short prismatic crystals, columnar or acicular aggregates, granular, lamellar, massive.
Twinning:
Simple and polysynthetic on {100} {010}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000345 | Hedenbergite | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 297 | |
0000346 | Hedenbergite | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 673 | |
0000347 | Hedenbergite | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 873 | |
0000348 | Hedenbergite | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 1073 | |
0000349 | Hedenbergite | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 1173 | |
0000350 | Hedenbergite | Cameron M, Sueno S, Prewitt C T, Papike J J (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite pyroxene American Mineralogist 58 594-618 | ![]() | 1973 | 0 | 1273 | |
0000457 | Hedenbergite | Ohashi Y, Burnham C W, Finger L W (1975) The effect of Ca-Fe substitution on the clinopyroxene crystal structure Fs65Wo35 American Mineralogist 60 423-434 | ![]() | 1975 | 0 | 293 | |
0000458 | Hedenbergite | Ohashi Y, Burnham C W, Finger L W (1975) The effect of Ca-Fe substitution on the clinopyroxene crystal structure Fs75Wo25 American Mineralogist 60 423-434 | ![]() | 1975 | 0 | 293 | |
0001861 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 0 | 293 | |
0001862 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 1.1 | 293 | |
0001863 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 2.1 | 293 | |
0001864 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 2.8 | 293 | |
0001865 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 3.6 | 293 | |
0001866 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 4.2 | 293 | |
0001867 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 4.6 | 293 | |
0001868 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 5.3 | 293 | |
0001869 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 6.3 | 293 | |
0001870 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 7.6 | 293 | |
0001871 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 8.7 | 293 | |
0001872 | Hedenbergite | Zhang L, Ahsbahs H, Hafner S S, Kutoglu A (1997) Single-crystal compression and crystal structure of clinopyroxene up to 10 GPa American Mineralogist 82 245-258 | ![]() | 1997 | 9.9 | 293 | |
0004193 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
0004194 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 200 |
0004195 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
0004196 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
0004197 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
0004198 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
0004199 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
0004200 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
0004201 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
0004202 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 298 |
0004203 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
0004205 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 200 |
0004206 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Roth G, Tippelt G, Lottermoser W (2006) Single crystal X-ray diffraction and temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy on the hedenbergite - aegirine (Ca,Na)(Fe2+,Fe3+)Si2O6 solid solution American Mineralogist 91 1271-1292 | ![]() | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 90 |
0004450 | Hedenbergite | Nestola F, Tribaudino M, Ballaran T B, Liebske C, Bruno M (2007) The crystal structures of pyroxenes along the jadeite - hedenbergite and jadeite - aegirine joins American Mineralogist 92 1492-1501 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
0004451 | Hedenbergite | Nestola F, Tribaudino M, Ballaran T B, Liebske C, Bruno M (2007) The crystal structures of pyroxenes along the jadeite - hedenbergite and jadeite - aegirine joins American Mineralogist 92 1492-1501 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
0004606 | Hedenbergite | Nestola F, Ballaran T B, Liebske C, Thompson R, Downs R T (2008) The effect of the hedenbergitic substitution on the compressibility of jadeite American Mineralogist 93 1005-1013 | ![]() | 2008 | Synthetic | 3.87 | 293 |
0004607 | Hedenbergite | Nestola F, Ballaran T B, Liebske C, Thompson R, Downs R T (2008) The effect of the hedenbergitic substitution on the compressibility of jadeite American Mineralogist 93 1005-1013 | ![]() | 2008 | Synthetic | 8.76 | 293 |
0019861 | Hedenbergite | Abdu Y A, Hawthorne F C (2013) Local structure in C2/c clinopyroxenes on the hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)- ferrosilite (Fe2Si2O6) join: A new interpretation for the Mossbauer spectra of Ca-rich C2/c clinopyroxenes and implications for pyroxene exsolution Note split-M2-O2-O3 model American Mineralogist 98 1227-1234 | 2013 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0019862 | Hedenbergite | Abdu Y A, Hawthorne F C (2013) Local structure in C2/c clinopyroxenes on the hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)- ferrosilite (Fe2Si2O6) join: A new interpretation for the Mossbauer spectra of Ca-rich C2/c clinopyroxenes and implications for pyroxene exsolution Note split-M2-O2-O3 model American Mineralogist 98 1227-1234 | 2013 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0019863 | Hedenbergite | Abdu Y A, Hawthorne F C (2013) Local structure in C2/c clinopyroxenes on the hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)- ferrosilite (Fe2Si2O6) join: A new interpretation for the Mossbauer spectra of Ca-rich C2/c clinopyroxenes and implications for pyroxene exsolution Note split-M2-O2-O3 model American Mineralogist 98 1227-1234 | 2013 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0006345 | Hedenbergite | Dal Negro A, Manoli S, Secco L, Piccirillo E M (1989) Megacrystic clinopyroxenes from Victoria (Australia): Crystal chemical comparisons of pyroxenes from high and low pressure regimes European Journal of Mineralogy 1 105-121 | 1989 | Victoria, Australia | 0 | 293 | |
0006815 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W, Treutmann W (2000) Synthesis and structural properties of clinopyroxenes of the hedenbergite CaFeSi2O6 - aegirine NaFeSi2O6 solid-solution series European Journal of Mineralogy 12 105-120 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006816 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W, Treutmann W (2000) Synthesis and structural properties of clinopyroxenes of the hedenbergite CaFeSi2O6 - aegirine NaFeSi2O6 solid-solution series European Journal of Mineralogy 12 105-120 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006817 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W, Treutmann W (2000) Synthesis and structural properties of clinopyroxenes of the hedenbergite CaFeSi2O6 - aegirine NaFeSi2O6 solid-solution series European Journal of Mineralogy 12 105-120 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006818 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W, Treutmann W (2000) Synthesis and structural properties of clinopyroxenes of the hedenbergite CaFeSi2O6 - aegirine NaFeSi2O6 solid-solution series European Journal of Mineralogy 12 105-120 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
0006819 | Hedenbergite | Redhammer G J, Amthauer G, Lottermoser W, Treutmann W (2000) Synthesis and structural properties of clinopyroxenes of the hedenbergite CaFeSi2O6 - aegirine NaFeSi2O6 solid-solution series European Journal of Mineralogy 12 105-120 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008998 | Hedenbergite | Heuer M, Huber A L, Bromiley G D, Fehr K T, Bente K (2005) Characterization of synthetic hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)-petedunnite (CaZnSi2O6) solid solution series by X-ray single crystal diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 552-563 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0008999 | Hedenbergite | Heuer M, Huber A L, Bromiley G D, Fehr K T, Bente K (2005) Characterization of synthetic hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)-petedunnite (CaZnSi2O6) solid solution series by X-ray single crystal diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 552-563 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009000 | Hedenbergite | Heuer M, Huber A L, Bromiley G D, Fehr K T, Bente K (2005) Characterization of synthetic hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)-petedunnite (CaZnSi2O6) solid solution series by X-ray single crystal diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 552-563 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009001 | Hedenbergite | Heuer M, Huber A L, Bromiley G D, Fehr K T, Bente K (2005) Characterization of synthetic hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)-petedunnite (CaZnSi2O6) solid solution series by X-ray single crystal diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 552-563 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009002 | Hedenbergite | Heuer M, Huber A L, Bromiley G D, Fehr K T, Bente K (2005) Characterization of synthetic hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)-petedunnite (CaZnSi2O6) solid solution series by X-ray single crystal diffraction Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 32 552-563 | 2005 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Hedenbergite
Epitaxial Minerals:
Babingtonite | Ca2Fe2+Fe3+Si5O14(OH) |
Epitaxy Comments:
Hedenbergite whiskers epitaxial on babingtonite (Nagashima and Nishio-Hamane, 2018).
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.995 Å | (100) |
2.528 Å | (80) |
2.970 Å | (50) |
1.638 Å | (40) |
1.629 Å | (40) |
3.26 Å | (30) |
2.890 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Cordillera Blanca, Peru, ICDD 25-160 (magnesian).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
Near-surface Processes | |
28 : Photo-alteration, pre-biotic | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Metamorphosed iron formations, Fe-Mn skarns, alkalic granites, xenoliths in kimberlite.
Type Occurrence of Hedenbergite
Synonyms of Hedenbergite
Other Language Names for Hedenbergite
Croatian:Hedenbergit
Dutch:Hedenbergiet
German:Hedenbergit
Funkit
Lodulit
Funkit
Lodulit
Hebrew:הדנברגיט
Italian:Edenbergite
Japanese:灰鉄輝石
Polish:Hedenbergit
Russian:Геденбергит
Spanish:Funkita
Hedenbergita
Lodulita
Hedenbergita
Lodulita
Ukrainian:Геденбергіт
Varieties of Hedenbergite
Ferrosalite | Obsolete name for a Fe-dominant, but Mg-rich clinopyroxene that would now classify as hedenbergite in the current pyroxene nomenclature. Compare salite. |
Hedenbergite-Hypersthene | Intermediate between Hedenbergite & Hypersthene |
Manganese-bearing Hedenbergite |
Relationship of Hedenbergite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Clinopyroxene Subgroup:
Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Burnettite | CaVAlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Clinoferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Colomeraite | NaTi3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Davisite | CaScAlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Esseneite | CaFe3+[AlSiO6] | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Jadeite | Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Jervisite | NaSc3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Kanoite | Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Kosmochlor | NaCrSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Kushiroite | CaAlAlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m |
Petedunnite | CaZnSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Ryabchikovite | CuMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Tissintite | (Ca,◻)AlSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
UM2001-19-SiO:AlCaMgNa | (Na,Mg,Ca)(Mg,Al)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
UM2003-36-SiO:CaNa | NaCrSi2O6 - CaMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
467 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
200 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
134 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Ilvaite | CaFe3+Fe2+2(Si2O7)O(OH) |
107 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
67 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
43 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
34 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Prase | SiO2 |
25 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
25 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
24 photos of Hedenbergite associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.DA. | Colomeraite | NaTi3+Si2O6 |
9.DA. | Protoenstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
9.DA. | Ryabchikovite | CuMgSi2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Donpeacorite | (Mn,Mg)MgSi2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Ferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
9.DA.10 | Clinoferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Kanoite | Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
9.DA.15 | Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
9.DA.15 va | Jeffersonite | Ca(Mn,Zn,Fe)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Petedunnite | CaZnSi2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Esseneite | CaFe3+[AlSiO6] |
9.DA.15 | Kushiroite | CaAlAlSiO6 |
9.DA.15 | Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Davisite | CaScAlSiO6 |
9.DA.20 | Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
9.DA.20 | Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Jadeite | Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Jervisite | NaSc3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Tissintite | (Ca,◻)AlSi2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Kosmochlor | NaCrSi2O6 |
9.DA.30 | Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
9.DA.35 | Hiroseite | FeSiO3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Hedenbergite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Hedenbergite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1842.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hedenbergite
Reference List:
Poldervaart, A., Hess, H. H. (1951) Pyroxenes in the Crystallization of Basaltic Magma. The Journal of Geology, 59 (5) 472-489 doi:10.1086/625891
Smith, J. V. (1966) X-Ray-Emission Microanalysis of Rock-Forming Minerals: VI. Clinopyroxenes near the Diopside-Hedenbergite Join. The Journal of Geology, 74 (4) 463-477 doi:10.1086/627178
Rutstein, Martin S. (1971) Re-examination of the wollastonite-hedenbergite (CaSiO3-CaFeSi2O6) equilibria. American Mineralogist, 56 (11-12) 2040-2052
Cameron, Maryellen, Sueno, Shigeho, Prewitt, C. T., Papike, and J. J. (1973) High-temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene, and ureyite. American Mineralogist, 58 (7-8) 594-618
GUSTAFSON, W. I. (1974) The Stability of Andradite, Hedenbergite, and Related Minerals in the System Ca-Fe-Si-O-H. Journal of Petrology, 15 (3). 455-496 doi:10.1093/petrology/15.3.455
Burton, Jacqueline C.; Taylor, Lawrence A. (1982) The fO2-T and fS2-T stability relations of hedenbergite and of hedenbergite-johannsenite solid solutions. Economic Geology, 77 (4). 764-783 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.77.4.764
Morimoto, N., Fabries, J., Ferguson, A.K., Ginzburg, I.V., Ross, M., Seifert, F.A., Zussman, J., Aoki, K., Gottardi, G. (1988) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. American Mineralogist, 73 (9-10). 1123-1133
Moecher, David P., Chou, I-ming (1990) Experimental investigation of andradite and hedenbergite equilibria employing the hydrogen sensor technique, with revised estimates of Δƒ,Gom,298 for andradite and hedenbergite. American Mineralogist, 75 (11-12) 1327-1341
Zhang, Zheru, Saxena, S. K. (1991) Thermodynamic properties of andradite and application to skarn with coexisting andradite and hedenbergite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 107 (2) 255-263 doi:10.1007/bf00310711
Capitani, Gian Carlo, Mellini, Marcello (2000) The johannsenite-hedenbergite complete solid solution: clinopyroxenes from the Campiglia Marittima skarn. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12 (6) 1215-1227 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-1215
Huber, A. L.; Heuer, M.; Fehr, K. T.; Bente, K.; Schmidbauer, E.; Bromiley, G. D. (2004) Characterization of synthetic hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6)-petedunnite (CaZnSi2O6) solid solution series by X-ray powder diffraction and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 31 (2). 67-79 doi:10.1007/s00269-003-0335-1
Localities for Hedenbergite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Journal of Petrology 43 (4) |
| Merkel et al. (2013) |
Algeria | |
| L. Latouche : "L'orthoferrosilite et les roches associées de la région des Gour Oumeladen (N.E. Ahaggar, Algérie) |
| Allègre et al. (1981) +4 other references |
| Azzouni‐Sekkal et al. (1987) |
Angola | |
| Borst et al. (2023) |
Antarctica | |
| Krot et al. (2013) |
Harris et al. (2002) | |
| Ohtani et al. (2011) |
| B.A. Worley +1 other reference |
| McKay et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Plimer et al. (1983) |
| Boudette et al. (1966) +2 other references |
LeMasurier et al. (1982) +3 other references | |
| Woolley (2019) |
| LeMasurier (1990) |
Adie (Ed.) | |
Argentina | |
| Kurat et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| LANFRANCHINI |
| Pagano et al. (2016) +3 other references |
| PONS +2 other references |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
Cundari (1973) +3 other references | |
| Mulholland (1984) |
| Eggleton +3 other references |
| Ashley et al. (1997) |
Preliminary sulphur isotopes report. In ... +1 other reference | |
Seccombe et al. (1998) | |
| Gole (1981) |
| Stevens +2 other references |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Knutson +4 other references |
| Blampain et al. (2006) |
Birch (1999) | |
M Willoughby collection | |
Munro-Smith (2006) | |
Ramdohr (1950) | |
Teals et al. (2006) | |
| Raymond (1992) +2 other references |
Edwards | |
| Oliver et al. (1985) |
Cave et al. (2024) | |
| Williams et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Poblete |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
Lehrmann (2012) | |
| ... +5 other references |
| Ashley (1980) |
| Edraki et al. (2025) |
| ROSS et al. (1987) |
| Hutcheon et al. (1982) |
| G.S. Teale and A.M. Brewer (2003) |
| Nikolakopoulos (2013) |
| www.homestead.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Amy B.D. Cockerton and Andrew G. Tomkins (2012) |
| Burchard (1977) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill (2018) |
| Kwak et al. (1988) |
| Clarke et al. (1983) +3 other references |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| R. Lawrence. Mesozoic Geology of ... +3 other references |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Gole (1982) |
| Mueller et al. (2008) |
| De Laeter et al. (1978) +3 other references |
| Mueller (1997) |
| Meinert +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| Götzinger (1978) +2 other references |
Kolitsch et al. (2013) | |
| Beran et al. (1985) |
| Meixner (1976) |
| Beran et al. (1985) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Postl et al. (2011) |
| Taucher (1989) |
| www.franzbernhard.x10hosting.com (2016) |
| |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
Krause et al. (2025) | |
Azerbaijan | |
| Agaev et al. (2019) |
Brazil | |
| Soares et al. (2025) |
| Leandro et al. (2022) |
| Conceicao |
Conceicao et al. (2009) | |
Lobata & Fyfe (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Mesquita et al. (2017) |
| Coldebella et al. (2020) |
| Coldebella et al. (2020) |
| Vlach et al. (2018) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Costa et al. (2024) | |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
| Vlach (2012) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
33rd International Geological Congress (2008) | |
| Rojas et al. (2016) |
| Queiroz (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Bonev (2007) |
| Yana Tzvetanova et al. (2018) |
| Vassileva et al. (2009) |
| A. Piestrzynski (2001) |
[MinRec 22 p.439] | |
Bonev et al. (2003) | |
| Grozdanov +4 other references |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
| . Kostov et al. (1964) |
Cameroon | |
| Njonfang et al. (2000) |
| Tetsopgang et al. (2003) |
Marzoli et al. (Africa) +8 other references | |
| doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800064128 +8 other references |
Pouclet et al. (2014) | |
Canada | |
| Peterson T.D |
| Pell (1994) |
| REAMSBOTTOM (1971) |
| Ghent et al. (1990) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Ray et al. (1994) |
Ray et al. (1994) +2 other references | |
Ray et al. (1983) | |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
Dawson +1 other reference | |
Ray et al. (1994) | |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Parrish (1977) |
| Miller et al. (1995) |
| - (1998) +2 other references |
Li et al. (2021) | |
| Acosta-Góngora et al. (2015) |
| Doucette et al. (1997) |
| Meinert +1 other reference |
| Jiricka (2013) |
| Sangster +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) |
| ... |
| E. William Heinrich (1962) |
Bud Schaffer | |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| Currie (1980) |
| Age of the Cabonga nepheline syenite +4 other references |
| Econ Geol. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Horváth et al. (2013) |
| Allcock (1982) |
| Fred Schuster specimen |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Chartrand (1999) |
| Nadeau et al. (2015) |
| Petrella (2013) |
W. W. Moorhouse and N. Shepherd (1963) | |
| May 1984 +4 other references |
| Shaw et al in Canadian Mineralogist (1962) +1 other reference |
| Steadman et al. (2015) |
| Montgomery et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Layne et al. (1988) | |
| Layne et al. (1988) |
| L. A. Dick and G. W. Robinson (1979) |
Cape Verde | |
Barker et al. (2012) | |
Central African Republic | |
| Hoinkes et al. (1979) |
Chad | |
| Vincent (Sahara du Tchad) +4 other references |
Chile | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
Lohmeier et al. (2025) | |
China | |
| Xuncheng Wang and Yucai Zhou (1995) +1 other reference |
| Zhiyu Zhang et al. (2010) |
| Qingtao Huang (1984) |
| Xiao et al. (2022) |
| Bin Cui (1987) +1 other reference |
| Xu et al. (2000) |
| Xiong et al. (2024) |
| Hong et al. (2013) |
| Zhenhua Zhou et al. (2011) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1982) +2 other references |
| Yongjun Di et al. (2006) |
| Yongjun Di et al. (2006) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1982) |
| Yongjun Di et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Duifu Liu and Yufeng Chen (2005) |
| Qingtong Ye et al. (1983) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Guoxiang Chi et al. (1993) |
| He et al. (2024) |
| Liangqi Lei et al. (2002) |
Liangqi Lei et al. (2002) | |
| Jiang (2005) |
| Zhaoshan Chang et al. (2006) |
| Meng et al. (2022) |
| Jichang Weng et al. (2010) |
| Qiu et al. (2024) |
| Mao et al. (2011) |
| Xingjie Jia et al. (2012) |
| Huang et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2019) |
| Zhang et al. (2023) |
| Jian Wang et al. (2014) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2004) |
| Zhenhua Zhou et al. (2011) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) +3 other references |
| Huifang Liu and Qi Lu (2008) |
| Huanzhang Lu and Crawford (1986) |
Chen et al. (1992) +2 other references | |
| Cai et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Dequan Zhang et al. (1991) +4 other references |
Yunfen Lei and Dequan Zhang (1991) +2 other references | |
| Mei et al. (2023) |
Ottens et al. (2012) | |
Ottens et al. (2014) | |
| Feng Yuan et al. (2012) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) +1 other reference |
| Fu et al. (2023) |
| Hanwen Zhang (2001) |
| Li et al. (2023) |
Zhang et al. (2025) | |
Teng et al. (2025) | |
| Miao Yu et al. (2013) |
Li et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
Yiming Zhao et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
Chen et al. (2023) | |
Yiming Zhao et al. (2013) | |
Jiannan Liu et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Shengchao Ma et al. (2013) |
| Wang et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2009) |
| Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang (1999) +1 other reference |
| Zhenhua Zhou et al. (2011) |
| Zhou et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
| Xue et al. (2021) |
| Ma et al. (2022) |
| Ma et al. (2022) |
| Shu et al. (2024) |
Xu et al. (2024) | |
| Weizheng Hu et al. (2006) |
| Guangming Li et al. (2006) |
Guangming Li et al. (2006) | |
| Guangming Li et al. (2006) |
Guangming Li et al. (2006) | |
| Guangming Li et al. (2006) |
| Li et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Mao et al. (2005) |
| Jiaxing Li et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Zhixin Zhang et al. (2011) | |
Liu et al. (2016) | |
| Chuandong Xue et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Hua Huang et al. (2014) | |
| WANG |
| Siyao Chen et al. (2013) +2 other references |
| Huijuan Peng et al. (2014) |
Tao Ren et al. (2013) | |
| Zhenhua Zhou et al. (2011) |
| Xu et al. (2021) |
| Kaiji Yu (1984) +1 other reference |
Kaiji Yu (1984) | |
| Kaiji Yu (1984) |
Cai et al. (2018) | |
Colombia | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
Czech Republic | |
| Tasáryová et al. (2014) |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... +1 other reference |
Zácek (2007) | |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Šrein +3 other references |
| Veselovskỳ et al. (2018) |
| Dalibor Matýsek |
| King (n.d.) |
| Malec et al. (2013) |
| Ettler et al. (2015) |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Houzar |
| Filip et al. (2002) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Houzar |
| Rieder et al. (1970) |
| ČERMÁK |
| Malec et al. (2013) |
Hrazdil | |
Houzar +5 other references | |
Djibouti | |
| Richard +3 other references |
Dominican Republic | |
| Krebs et al. (2008) |
DR Congo | |
| Andersen et al. (2014) |
| Rumvegeri et al. (1985) |
Ecuador | |
| Vallance et al. (2009) |
Egypt | |
| Abouzeid et al. (2014) |
Frisch et al. (1999) | |
| International Geological Congress (2008) |
Helmy et al. (2021) | |
International Geological Congress (2008) | |
Eritrea | |
| Journal of Petrology |
Ethiopia | |
| Black et al. (1972) |
| Varet (1970) |
Finland | |
| Kinnunen (1988) |
| Ahven (2012) +1 other reference |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Geological Survey of Finland Aijala - ... |
Geological Survey of Finland Liipola-N ... | |
| Latva |
France | |
| Brousse +7 other references |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Bonin et al. (1972) +3 other references |
| temporal trends in a large Polynesian shield volcano. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (2) +6 other references |
Lacroix (1931) +4 other references | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| El Mendili et al. (2022) |
| Bull. Minéral. +8 other references |
Bull. Minéral. | |
| publication date: November 2018 +1 other reference |
| Collection TRENCART +1 other reference |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Collection Alex Trencart |
Germany | |
| Tschauner +3 other references |
| Habel (2007) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Lapis 12/1997 + 1/1998 +2 other references |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Blaß et al. (1992) |
Blaß et al. (1992) | |
| Blaß et al. (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (1992) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
in the collection of Christof Schäfer +1 other reference | |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Mädler (1992) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
Reinhardt et al. (2022) | |
Reinhardt et al. (2022) | |
... | |
| Meyer et al. (2025) |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
Reinhardt et al. (2022) | |
| Gröbner J. +1 other reference |
Reinhardt et al. (2022) | |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
Economou et al. (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Gauthier et al. (1991) |
Gauthier et al. (1991) | |
Gauthier et al. (1991) | |
Ko Jansen +1 other reference | |
Vlachopoulos et al. (2019, May) | |
Rocks & Min.: 64 (5) +1 other reference | |
Korosidis et al. (2022, March) | |
Greenland | |
| Schönenberger et al. (2008) |
Coulson (2003) | |
Petersen et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Parsons et al. (1981) |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999) |
| Stephenson et al. (1982) |
| Nielsen et al. (2015) |
Woolley (1987) | |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999) |
Honduras | |
| Econ Geol (2004) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Brearley et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| |
Iceland | |
| Roobol (1974) +1 other reference |
| Jørgensen (1980) +1 other reference |
| Martin et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
India | |
| Shaikh et al. (2017) |
Shaikh et al. (2017) | |
| Sadashivaiah et al. (1965, February) +1 other reference |
| Madhavan et al. (1988) +6 other references |
Madhavan et al. (1981) +5 other references | |
| Narasayya et al. (1974) |
| Bhattacharyya (1985) |
| Chowdhury (2007) |
| N. Subba Reddy (1982) |
| N. Subba Reddy (1989) |
Indonesia | |
| Soeria-Atmadja et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference |
New (2006) | |
| Abidin et al. (2014) |
| Idrus et al. (2009) |
Iran | |
| Hezarkhani (2004) |
| Shoale et al. (2007) |
| Mazhari et al. (2009) |
Israel | |
| Britvin et al. (2019) |
Italy | |
| Lecacheur et al. (2024) |
| Croze (1989) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
Panikorovskii et al. (2017) | |
| Kimura et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Federico et al. (2002) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Gruppo Mineralogico Lombardo (10) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Verkaeren et al. (1979) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
Stara et al. (1993) | |
Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Gamboni et al. (2006) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski +1 other reference |
| |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Sabelli (2000) |
| Cocco et al. (2022) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Baldanza (1958) |
| Carmichael I.S.E. (1962) +1 other reference |
Bagiński et al. (2018) | |
| Nannoni R. |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) |
Brizzi G. et al. (GR) | |
Bazzoni et al. (2007) | |
| Costagliola et al. (2008) |
Costagliola et al. (2008) | |
Costagliola et al. (2008) | |
Costagliola et al. (2008) | |
| Bazzoni et al. |
| Dini et al. (2013) |
Nannoni R. et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
Dini A. (2013) +3 other references | |
Mascaro et al. (1995) | |
De Michele (1974) +2 other references | |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
N. Calanchi et al. (1976) | |
[mentioned for Calamite Mine] | |
Garofalo et al. (2025) | |
| Nannoni R. et al. (2012) |
| Nannoni R. et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +3 other references |
| E. Manasse (Isola d'Elba) |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
F. Barberi et al. +1 other reference | |
De Michele (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Stoppa et al. (2009) |
| Fabio Tosato et al. (2024) |
Japan | |
| INOUE et al. (1991) |
| Pautov et al. (2013) |
Imaoka et al. (2024) | |
| Field observation in April |
| Field observation in Mar. |
| Jitsutaro Takubo +4 other references |
Wakabayashi +1 other reference | |
9:211-223 +2 other references | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Shimada et al. (1981) | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Shimizu et al. (1993) | |
| Okuno (1964) +2 other references |
- (n.d.) | |
Osakabe et al. (1983) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Field observation by Hiroaki Tano |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Etsuo Uchida (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Matsubara (2003) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Watanabe (1959) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Nambu et al. (1977) |
- (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
| - (n.d.) |
Uehara et al. (2014) | |
| Imai (1978) |
Harada | |
| ASAKAWA et al. (1980) |
Matsumoto (1968) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| IMAI et al. (1972) |
| |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Sugaki et al. (1980) |
| Hiroshi Takahashi |
| Matsueda (1983) |
| Drill core preserved at the prefectural ... +1 other reference |
| Fujiwara (2006) |
| Harada et al. (1965) |
Harada et al. (1970) | |
| Tanida et al. (1977) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Field observation by Hiroaki Tano | |
| USGS Bulletin 1930 |
| Watanabe et al. (2003) |
| Tomita (1936) +5 other references |
| - (n.d.) |
| Shimazaki (1977) +2 other references |
T. Sudo and T. Nakamura (1952) | |
Alfredo Petrov collection | |
- (1998) | |
| - (n.d.) |
- (n.d.) | |
Nagashima et al. (2021) | |
Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
Nagashima et al. (2016) | |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
Galuskin et al. (2023) | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Fang An et al. (2014) |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2003) |
Kenya | |
| RIDOLFI et al. (2006) |
| White et al. (2012) |
Baker (1963) +2 other references | |
| Macdonald +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Magazine et al. (13) |
| Webb +1 other reference |
Weaver et al. (1972) +1 other reference | |
Kosovo | |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
| Féraud J. (1979) +4 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Pautov et al. (2013) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Schwarz et al. (1996) |
| Mukosi (2012) |
| Lacroix (1922) +5 other references |
Malawi | |
| Garson (1960) +8 other references |
| pdfs.semanticscholar.org (n.d.) +11 other references |
Wooley (2001) | |
Bloomfield (Compiler) +6 other references | |
| alkcarb.myrocks.info (n.d.) |
Malaysia | |
| Foo (1979) |
Mali | |
| Liégeois et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Black et al. (1979) +2 other references | |
| J.F. Sauvage (pers. comm. 1985) +1 other reference |
Ba et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
Mauritania | |
| - (2010) |
Mexico | |
| Fries and Schmitter |
Panzcer (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Espejel-Garcia et al. (2012, December) |
| Brenker et al. (2002) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| - (1998) +1 other reference |
| Tritlla +7 other references |
| doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.9.1137 +2 other references |
| Ma et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Edelen (2013) |
| Carles Canet et al. (2011) |
| Tritlla et al. (2004) |
| Julio |
Siesgesmund et al. (2018) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Megaw (2023) | |
Megaw (2023) | |
Parker (2010) | |
| Parker (2010) |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... |
Megaw (2023) | |
Megaw (2023) | |
| Canet et al. (2009) |
Middle East | |
Vapnik et al. (2006) | |
Mongolia | |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| Kononova et al. (1982) +3 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Anatoly Nikiforov analytical data |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2018) |
Morocco | |
| Cheilletz et al. (1988) |
| |
| A. M. I. Martins collection |
| Ibouh et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Cherotzky +6 other references |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
Myanmar | |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Guo et al. (2016) |
Namibia | |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Nörtemann et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bürg et al. (1942) |
| Steven et al. (1994) |
von Bezing et al. (2016) | |
| Prins +4 other references |
| Bernasconi (1981) +2 other references |
Nepal | |
| Wilke et al. (2001) |
New Zealand | |
| Ewart et al. (1968) +4 other references |
NZJGG | |
NZJGG | |
NZJGG | |
| Sewell +7 other references |
| Mason (1951) +3 other references |
| Suggate et al. (1978) +5 other references |
| crownminerals.med.govt.nz (2004) |
Smith +5 other references | |
ganko.eps.nagoya-u.ac.jp (n.d.) | |
| Cooper (2020) |
| Kimura et al. (1998) |
| Christie et al. (1995) |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Niger | |
| Black +2 other references |
consequences. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (6) +3 other references | |
Black +3 other references | |
| consequences. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (6) +2 other references |
Nigeria | |
| Bennett et al. (1984) |
| a link between the Younger Granite districts of Nigeria and S Niger. Journal of the Geological Society (1) +2 other references |
| Woolley (2001) |
| Turner +1 other reference |
North Africa | |
| Keil (2012) |
North Korea | |
| Takubo et al. (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) +1 other reference |
| Abstracts of the Eighth International Conference on Geochronology and Isotope Geology (1994) |
North Macedonia | |
| Strmić Palinkas et al. (2013) |
| Dolenec et al. (2015) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
Irving et al. (2003, March) | |
Fintor et al. (2014) | |
Mikouchi et al. (2012) | |
Norway | |
| Garmo (1999) +2 other references |
| Goldschmidt (1912) |
Goldschmidt (1912) | |
| Goldschmidt (1912) |
Goldschmidt (1912) | |
| Berg et al. (2003) |
Prestvik et al. (1999) | |
Prestvik et al. (1999) | |
| Goldschmidt (1912) |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-181 (Goldschmidts description + visual id) | |
P. Andresen (2005) | |
| Neumann (1944) |
Bancroft et al. (2001) | |
| Torgeir T. Garmo collection |
- (n.d.) | |
| James et al. (1993) |
| Olerud (1979) |
| Eigil Ormaasen (1977) |
| Eldjarn (1978) |
| Andresen (1990) |
| Maijer (1987) |
| Mitchell (1980) |
| Andersen et al. (1993) |
| Larsen (1993) |
Larsen et al. (2002) | |
Larsen (1993) | |
Larsen et al. (2002) | |
Larsen et al. (2002) | |
Larsen et al. (2002) | |
Larsen et al. (2002) | |
Larsen et al. (2022) | |
Nordrum (2005) | |
Larsen et al. (2022) | |
Larsen (1993) | |
| Zozulya et al. (2018) |
Michalsen (2010) | |
| Piilonen et al. (2013) |
Oman | |
| Zhang et al. (2009) |
| Yukio et al. (2006) |
Pakistan | |
| Blauwet et al. (2004) |
| Blauwet et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
imported from Shigar District +2 other references | |
| Jose Zendrera Collection |
| Rashid et al. (2025) |
Peru | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| McKeon (2019) |
Poland | |
| Włodyka et al. (2015) |
| Domań +2 other references |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Koszowska E. 2002: ... |
Portugal | |
| Abdel-Monem et al. (1975) +11 other references |
Ridolfi et al. (2003) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) |
| Marincea et al. (2023) |
| Papp et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll |
Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Ilinca (2012) |
Stefan Nicolescu (1996) | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2004) |
Szakáll (2002) | |
| Klötzli et al. (2022) |
Russia | |
| Ettlinger et al. (1991) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2012) |
| Kasatkin AV |
| Alexei Kuznetsov data |
| Scientific Report 5:9111 |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Gramenitskiy et al. (2019) | |
| Sandimirova et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Rozhdestvina et al. (2025) |
| Soloviev et al. (2022) |
| Prokopyev +4 other references |
| Zaitsev et al. (2022) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2021) |
| Политов В.К. (1983) |
| Arzamastsev et al. (2006) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2008) |
Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) |
... | |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Kalinin et al. (2024) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
Vasilenko (2001) | |
Grant et al. (2001) | |
Grant et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
Dobovol'skaya et al. (1990) +3 other references | |
Simanenko (2006) +1 other reference | |
Grant et al. (2001) | |
King (n.d.) | |
Grant et al. (2001) | |
Grant et al. (2001) | |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Ratkin et al. (2021) | |
| Gvozdev (2001) +1 other reference |
| Perevoznikova et al. (2022) |
| Перевозникова et al. (СИХОТЭ-АЛИНЬ) |
| Gvozdev (2007) |
Belakovskiy (2003) | |
Grebennikov (2011) | |
| Edgar John Peter Sutton specimen |
| Kovalskaya et al. (2017) |
| Kostin (2021) |
| Africano et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Tatarinov et al. (2021) |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
| David A. Kring (1987) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) |
| Lebedev et al. (2019) |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Murzin et al. (2022) |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) |
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
Bell +20 other references | |
Saint Lucia | |
| M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Baker et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2018) |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) | |
Seychelles | |
Baker (1963) +1 other reference | |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Rojkovičová |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Faryad S. W. (1987) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Duda eut al. |
| Ďuďa |
| Ďuďa |
| Ozdín D. & Rojkovič I. |
South Africa | |
| Reid (1974) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Harmer (1999) |
| Van der Merwe (2011) |
| S.M.C. Verryn et al (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2009, May) |
South Korea | |
| Yang et al. (2013) |
| Choi +6 other references |
Yang et al. (2010) | |
Lee (ed) +8 other references | |
| Ahn et al. (2017) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
Yoo et al. (2011) | |
Kim et al. (2025) | |
| CHOI et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
South Sudan | |
| Zolensky et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| Mesa et al. (2002) |
Cepedal et al. (2021) | |
| Calvo et al. (2014) |
| Casillas et al. (2024) |
| Timón (2008) +1 other reference |
| |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| C. Canet et al. |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya |
| Ruíz García (1976) |
| Tornos et al. (2006) |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins. |
| Williams (1983) |
Williams (1983) | |
| Hîrtopanu |
| Adrian Pesudo Collection |
Sweden | |
| Lasskogen (2010) +1 other reference |
| |
Jansson et al. (2013) | |
| |
| Holtstam (2001) |
Jansson et al. (2013) | |
| Weibull (1883) |
| Asklund |
| |
| Wilke (1997) |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
| Moore (2001) |
| Hellingwerf (1985) |
| |
| c1997 +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| |
| Hedenberg et al. (Stockholm, 1806-18) +1 other reference |
| Torstensson (2004) |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Magnusson (1929) |
Magnusson (1929) | |
Flink +1 other reference | |
- (n.d.) | |
| database. www.nrm.se- mincat |
Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
Econ Geol (1984) | |
| Nysten (2004) |
| Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum) |
| Eckermann +19 other references |
| Turner (2020) |
Switzerland | |
| Armbruster et al. (2000) |
| Roth et al. (2011) |
| van der Burgt et al. (2014) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Reguir et al. (1999) |
| Yatimov et al. (2022) |
| - (1998) |
| Badalov et al. (1976) |
Badalov et al. (1976) | |
Tanzania | |
| Mitchell et al. (2022) |
Thailand | |
| Charusiri et al. (1990) |
Turkey | |
| Oyman (2003) |
| ÜLKAY KUÞCU (2001) |
erik vercammen field observations and ... | |
| Sunkari et al. (2025) |
| Kilic et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Russell (1946) |
| A. Hall (1982) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Dines (1956) |
| Eastwood et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| |
www.mineralman.f9.co.uk (2001) | |
| an example from the British Tertiary Igneous Province. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh (4) +4 other references |
| B.G.J. Upton et al. |
| |
| Tanner et al. (1972) |
| ... |
| Smith et al. (2002) |
Paul Render. +1 other reference | |
| |
| Tilley (1948) |
| The Geology of Skye |
| |
Emeleus et al. (1992) | |
| Phemister (1926) +5 other references |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
Ukraine | |
| |
| |
| AV et al. (2011) |
| O.K.Babynin et al. (2006) |
Krivdik et al. (1988) | |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) |
Kogarko et al. (1995) | |
| Shumlyanskyy et al. (2021) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| USGS Bull 358 +1 other reference |
| USGS PP 1760A |
| Wayland |
| Schaller (1929) |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
- (1951, July) | |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Eastlick |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Reiter (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| JR Montgomery Collection cat.#319 |
| Haxel et al. (2023) |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references |
Wilson et al. (1950) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039591 |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| - (1915) |
| Schrader (1915) |
Schrader (1915) +3 other references | |
| Howard et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Erickson +2 other references |
| Zolensky (2014) |
| Chesterman (1942) +2 other references |
| Bateman (1965) +2 other references |
curator.jsc.nasa.gov (2013) | |
| Morgan (1975) +2 other references |
| Bateman (1951) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Richmond (1939) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Wyckoff et al. (1925) +2 other references | |
| Prescott (1908a) +4 other references |
| Goodwin (1958) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| J. Zolan Collec. |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:255 |
Ream (2004) | |
Ream (1995) | |
Ream (2004) | |
| Umpleby et al. (1923) |
| Umpleby et al. (1923) |
| Peter Cristofono collection |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Gleba (2008) |
McKinstry (1921) | |
| Palache (1950) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Kaplan (2016) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
LaPointe et al. (199) | |
- (2005) | |
| Gillerman (1982) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| August 2002 +5 other references |
| Reid et al. (2010) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Macdonald et al. (2019) |
| - (2005) |
| Johnson (1977) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| |
Meyers et al. (1956) | |
| ... |
| |
Morrill | |
| Smith (2005) |
| Gorring et al. (2024) |
| - (1960) |
| Dunn (1995) |
King (n.d.) | |
Dunn (1995) | |
Dunn (1995) | |
King (n.d.) | |
D. Steven Kuitems specimen | |
| C. Lemanski |
| Common knowledge among local ... |
| King (n.d.) |
| Volkert (2010) |
| ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Dunham (1935) +1 other reference | |
Dunham (1935) +1 other reference | |
| Minerals of the Ground Hog Mine Grant ... |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook +2 other references | |
- (2005) | |
3rd Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium (1983) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Griswold (1959) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference |
| R. Chamberlain (1974) |
Gibbs (1989) | |
GF Loughlin (1942) | |
| Patrick E. Haynes |
1 June 1961 +4 other references | |
| Yale Peabody Museum |
Chiarenzelli et al. (2019) | |
Robinson et al. (2007) | |
| Chamberlain et al. (1999) |
| Steven C. Chamberlain & George W. Robinson (2013) |
| |
| |
Robinson et al. (2007) | |
| - (Januzzi, 1966, 1989) +1 other reference |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Chiarenzelli et al. (2019) |
| Leonard et al. (1964) |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
| Streeter (2003) |
U.S Bureau of Mines /Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry (Mas/Mils) | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) |
U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) | |
| Micro Probe Volume X Number 2 |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Paris (2011) | |
| Srinivasan et al. ( 2000) |
| Price (1983) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dave crosby |
| AmMin 75:387-391 (1990) |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Woolley (1987) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Crystals and Minerals Vol. 2 by Jon ... |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| Washington Geology |
| Gladwell (2022) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1991) |
Rocks & Minerals (1991) | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Am.Jour.Sci. vol. 23 (1907) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| Ashirov et al. (2023) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
Vietnam | |
| Jadwiga PIECZONKA et al. (2019) |
Western Sahara | |
| Meteoritical Society Abstracts (2001) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Kisters et al. (1998) |
The Moon | |
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