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Michenerite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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02186770017271925124713.jpg
Michenerite, etc.

Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
06494980017271925153174.jpg
Michenerite

Bunkerville Mining District, Virgin Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, USA
04753070017271925276428.jpg
Michenerite

Aguablanca Mine, Monesterio, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
02186770017271925124713.jpg
Michenerite, etc.

Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
06494980017271925153174.jpg
Michenerite

Bunkerville Mining District, Virgin Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, USA
04753070017271925276428.jpg
Michenerite

Aguablanca Mine, Monesterio, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
09497730017271925312712.jpg
Michenerite, etc.

Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
06494980017271925153174.jpg
Michenerite

Bunkerville Mining District, Virgin Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, USA
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About MicheneriteHide

Formula:
PdBiTe
Colour:
Silver-white to grayish white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
9.5
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Cobaltite Group
Name:
In recognition of Charles Edward Michener (Red Deer, Alberta January 1907- Toronto 15 October 2004), Canadian exploration geologist, International Nickel Co., who is credited with the discovery of a number of major ore deposits, including the Thompson nickel belt in Manitoba and a laterite deposit in Indonesia. Michener discovered and first studied the mineral that was later named after him (Horváth 2003).
Chemically similar to unnamed species: 'UM1961-11-Te:BiPd', 'UM1970-27-Te:BiPd', 'UM1976-31-Te:BiPdSb'. See also kotulskite, Unnamed (Rh-Analogue of Michenerite), and UM1997-55-Te:BiPd.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
2703
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2703:4

IMA Classification of MicheneriteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1958
Type description reference:
Hawley, J.E. and Berry, L.G. (1958) Michenerite and froodite, palladium bismuth minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist: 6: 200-209.

Classification of MicheneriteHide

Strunz-mindat (2025):
2.EB.25

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
Dana 8th ed.:
2.12.3.11

2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
Hey's CIM Ref.:
3.12.20

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
MchIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
MhlThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of MicheneriteHide

Lustre:
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Silver-white to grayish white
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=306 - 317 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
9.5 g/cm3 (Measured)    10.0 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of MicheneriteHide

Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)
400nm52.6%
420nm53.6%
440nm54.4%
460nm55.3%
480nm55.8%
500nm56.1%
520nm56.4%
540nm56.5%
560nm56.7%
580nm56.9%
600nm57.1%
620nm57.1%
640nm57.9%
660nm58.4%
680nm58.8%
700nm59.3%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 59.3%.
Colour in reflected light:
Cream-white with a tinge of gray

Chemistry of MicheneriteHide

Mindat Formula:
PdBiTe
Element Weights:
Element% weight
Bi47.174 %
Te28.804 %
Pd24.023 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Elements listed:
Bi, Pd, Te - search for minerals with similar chemistry
Common Impurities:
Pt,Ag,Ni,Sb

Crystallography of MicheneriteHide

Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
2 3 - Tetartoidal
Space Group:
P21 3
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.646(5) Å
Unit Cell V:
293.55 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0005092MicheneriteChilds J D, Hall S R (1973) The crystal structure of michenerite, PdBiTe The Canadian Mineralogist 12 61-6519730293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.974 Å(100)
2.000 Å(90)
2.715 Å(80)
1.773 Å(80)
1.451 Å(70)
1.234 Å(70)
0.8668 Å(70)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals

Type Occurrence of MicheneriteHide

Co-Type Localities:
ⓘ Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
ⓘ Frood Mine, McKim Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
All original material consumed by analysis.
Redefined material:
Canadian Geological Survey, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M31189 and M29438.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Nickel sulphide deposit
Reference:
Hawley, J.E. and Berry, L.G. (1958) Michenerite and froodite, palladium bismuth minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist: 6: 200-209.

Other Language Names for MicheneriteHide

Relationship of Michenerite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Cobaltite Group
Other Members of Cobaltite Group:
AndrieslombaarditeRhSbSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
ChangchengiteIrBiSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
CobaltiteCoAsSOrth. mm2 : Pca21
GersdorffiteNiAsSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
GuixiangiteNiBiSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
Hollingworthite(Rh,Pt,Pd)AsSIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Irarsite(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsSIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
JolliffeiteNiAsSeIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
KalungaitePdAsSeIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
MaslovitePtBiTeIso. 2 3 : P21 3
MayingiteIrBiTeIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
MilotaitePdSbSeIso. 2 3 : P21 3
PadmaitePdBiSeIso. 4 3 2
PlatarsitePt(As,S)2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
TestibiopalladitePdSbTeIso.
TolovkiteIrSbSIso.
UllmanniteNiSbSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
UM1991-19-Se:AsCo(Co,Ni)AsSeIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pm3
WillyamiteCoSbS

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
10 photos of Michenerite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
8 photos of Michenerite associated with ViolariteFe2+Ni3+2S4
8 photos of Michenerite associated with MilleriteNiS
7 photos of Michenerite associated with Frooditeα-PdBi2
5 photos of Michenerite associated with PaolovitePd2Sn
5 photos of Michenerite associated with GeversitePtSb2
5 photos of Michenerite associated with BreithauptiteNiSb
4 photos of Michenerite associated with GalenaPbS
2 photos of Michenerite associated with Native SilverAg
2 photos of Michenerite associated with AltaitePbTe

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.EB.SelenolauriteRuSe2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.AndrieslombaarditeRhSbSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.Iridarsenite(Ir,Ru)As2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.EB.Kanatzidisite(SbBiS3)2Te2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.EB.05aVaesiteNiS2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aHaueriteMnS2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aLauriteRuS2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aGaotaiiteIr3Te8Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aPenroseite(Ni,Co,Cu)Se2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aFukuchiliteCu3FeS8Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aVillamanínite(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2Tric.
2.EB.05aErlichmaniteOsS2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aSperrylitePtAs2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aGeversitePtSb2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aCattieriteCoS2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aAurostibiteAuSb2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aTrogtaliteCoSe2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a vCayeuxite
2.EB.05aKruťaiteCuSe2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aPyriteFeS2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05aInsizwaitePt(Bi,Sb)2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05bBambollaiteCu(Se,Te)2Tet.
2.EB.05aDzharkeniteFeSe2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.10aMarcasiteFeS2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10eParacostibiteCoSbSOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
2.EB.10fOeniteCoSbAsOrth.
2.EB.10ePararammelsbergiteNiAs2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
2.EB.10aMattagamiteCoTe2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10aFrohbergiteFeTe2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10dCostibiteCoSbSOrth. mm2 : Pmn21
2.EB.10bAlloclasiteCo1-xFexAsSMon. 2 : P21
2.EB.10cGlaucodot(Co0.50Fe0.50)AsSOrth. mm2 : Pmn21
2.EB.10aPetříčekiteCuSe2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10aKulleruditeNiSe2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10aFerroseliteFeSe2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15bSeinäjokiteFeSb2Orth.
2.EB.15aRammelsbergiteNiAs2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15aClinosaffloriteCoAs2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
2.EB.15cPaxiteCuAs2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
2.EB.15aNisbiteNiSb2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15aLöllingiteFeAs2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15aSafflorite(Co,Ni,Fe)As2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15aOmeiite(Os,Ru)As2Orth.
2.EB.15aAnduoite(Ru,Os)As2Orth.
2.EB.20ArsenopyriteFeAsSMon. 2/m : P21/b
2.EB.20Ruarsite(Ru,Os)AsSMon.
2.EB.20Osarsite(Os,Ru)AsSMon.
2.EB.20GudmunditeFeSbSMon. 2/m : P21/b
2.EB.25MayingiteIrBiTeIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25MaslovitePtBiTeIso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.25ParagersdorffiteNi(As,S)2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25OrthogersdorffiteNiAsSOrth. mm2 : Pca21
2.EB.25JolliffeiteNiAsSeIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25CobaltiteCoAsSOrth. mm2 : Pca21
2.EB.25GuixiangiteNiBiSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.25TestibiopalladitePdSbTeIso.
2.EB.25 vaAntimony-bearing GersdorffiteNi(As,Sb)S
2.EB.25KalungaitePdAsSeIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25Hollingworthite(Rh,Pt,Pd)AsSIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25GersdorffiteNiAsSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.25MilotaitePdSbSeIso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.25TolovkiteIrSbSIso.
2.EB.25PlatarsitePt(As,S)2Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25WillyamiteCoSbS
2.EB.25ChangchengiteIrBiSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.25KvačekiteNiSbSeIso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.25KrutoviteNiAs2Iso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.25PadmaitePdBiSeIso. 4 3 2
2.EB.25UllmanniteNiSbSIso. 2 3 : P21 3
2.EB.25Irarsite(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsSIso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.30UrvantsevitePd(Bi,Pb)2Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm
2.EB.35RheniiteReS2Tric. 1 : P1

Other InformationHide

Notes:
HNO3 - effervesces slowly, blackens; FeCl3 - slowly stains dark, some negative; Aqua regia - instantly stains black; HCl, KCN, KOH - negative.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for MicheneriteHide

References for MicheneriteHide

Localities for MicheneriteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica
 
  • Eastern Antarctica
    • Princess Elizabeth Land
      • Ingrid Christensen Coast
        • Vestfold Hills
Egorova et al. (2015)
Argentina
 
  • San Luis Province
    • Coronel Pringles Department
      • Estancia Grande
Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877 +3 other references
Australia
 
  • Western Australia
    • City of Karratha
      • Karratha
HOATSON et al. (1992)
    • Coolgardie Shire
      • Kambalda
        • Kambalda Nickel mines
Hudson (1986)
Hudson (1986)
Hudson et al. (1978) +1 other reference
    • Ngaanyatjarraku Shire
      • West Musgrave Block
        • Mantamaru Community
Mineral. Deposita 42 (2007) +1 other reference
    • Victoria Plains Shire
      • New Norcia
5th International Platinum Symposium ... +1 other reference
Austria
 
  • Salzburg
    • Zell am See District
      • Mittersill
        • Haidbachgraben
Melcher et al. (2019)
Botswana
 
  • North-East District
    • Francistown District
Maier et al. (2008)
Brazil
 
  • Amapá
    • Mazagão
      • Vila Nova
Prichard et al. (2001)
  • Bahia
    • Campo Formoso
Ndhlovu (2017)
    • Ipiaú
      • Mirabela farm
Knight (2014)
  • Pará
    • Canaã dos Carajás
Campo Rodriguez et al. (2024)
Bulgaria
 
  • Sofia Province
    • Etropole Municipality
Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference
Canada
 
  • Manitoba
    • Thompson Nickel Belt
      • Moab-Setting Lakes area
Chen +3 other references
  • New Brunswick
    • Kings Co.
      • Cardwell Parish
Canadian Mineralogist 45 +1 other reference
  • Newfoundland and Labrador
    • Labrador
      • Voisey´s Bay
Kelvin et al. Canadian Mineralogist 49
  • Nunavut
    • Kivalliq Region
Campos-Alvarez et al. (2012)
  • Ontario
    • Greater Sudbury
      • Blezard Township
Ames et al. (2003)
Ames et al. (2003)
      • Broder Township
Ames et al. (2003)
      • Capreol Township
Péntek et al. (2013)
      • Creighton-Davies Township
Dare et al. (2010) +1 other reference
      • Denison Township
Ames et al. (2003)
Chen +3 other references
HAWLEY et al. (1958) +2 other references
      • Drury Township
        • Worthington area
Robert C. Smith
Ames et al. (2003)
Warren (2013)
Ames et al. (2003)
      • Garson Township
LeFort (2012)
Ames et al. (2003)
Ford et al. (2011) +1 other reference
Ames et al. (2003) +3 other references
Ames et al. (2003) +1 other reference
Kjarsgaard et al. (2010, June)
Ames et al. (2003)
      • Maclennan Township
Ames et al. (2003)
      • McKim Township
Ames et al. (2003)
HAWLEY et al. (1958) +3 other references
      • Norman Township
Ames et al. (2003)
Ames et al. (2003)
      • Rathbun Township
Econ Geol (1986) +3 other references
      • Wisner Township
Ames et al. (2007) +4 other references
    • Kenora District
Johnson (2005)
      • Ring of Fire
        • BMA527861 Area
N Farhangi
    • Nipissing District
      • Strathy Township
MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00022
    • Sudbury District
      • Snider Township
Canadian Mineralogist (1973)
157-158. +1 other reference
    • Thunder Bay District
Mulja & Mitchell (1990)
McDonald et al. (2015) +1 other reference
Caglioti (2023)
      • Greenwich Lake Area
Good et al. (2010)
Selway (1993)
      • Seagull Lake Area
        • Seagull Lake complex
Wilson et al. (2013)
      • Seeley Lake Area
Mulja et al. (1990)
Good et al. (2017)
  • Québec
    • Abitibi-Témiscamingue
      • Témiscamingue RCM
        • Belleterre
Cook et al. (1994)
    • Côte-Nord
      • Caniapiscau RCM
Beaudoin et al. (1990)
      • Sept-Rivières RCM
Smith (2021)
Smith (2021)
    • Nord-du-Québec
      • Nunavik
        • Raglan
          • Donaldson deposit
Dillon-Leitch (1990)
          • Raglan Mine
Seabrook et al. (2004) +1 other reference
        • Ungava Peninsula
petrology +1 other reference
Liu et al. (2016)
Cabri et al. (2005) +2 other references
Liu et al. (2016)
  • Saskatchewan
5th International Platinum Symposium ...
  • Yukon
    • Whitehorse mining district
      • Kluane District
5th International Platinum Symposium ... +2 other references
China
 
  • Gansu
    • Jinchang
      • Jinchuan District
Yang +8 other references
  • Jilin
    • Tonghua
      • Tonghua Co.
Xiangwen Wang (2002) +1 other reference
  • Sichuan
    • Garzê Autonomous Prefecture (Ganzi Autonomous Prefecture)
      • Danba Co.
        • Yangliuping Cu-Ni-PGE ore field
American Mineralogist (1979) +3 other references
XU et al. (2015)
    • Panzhihua
      • Miyi County
Zhu et al. (2010)
  • Xinjiang
    • Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture
      • Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture)
        • Fuyun Co. (Koktokay Co.)
Chunming Han et al. (2007)
Czech Republic
 
  • Ústí nad Labem Region
    • Děčín District
      • Šluknov
Haluzova et al. (2015)
  • Vysočina Region
    • Havlíčkův Brod District
      • Krucemburk
Vavřín +2 other references
Egypt
 
  • Red Sea Governorate
Helmy et al. (2001) +1 other reference
Helmy (2005)
    • Wadi Allaqi District
      • Wadi Haimur
Helmy et al. (1995)
Finland
 
  • Lapland
Gustafsson et al. (2019)
Kojonen et al. (eds)
    • Portimo complex
Iljina +1 other reference
    • Sodankylä
Gervilla +1 other reference
      • Viiankiaapa mire area
Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020)
  • North Ostrobothnia
    • Nivala
Papunen (1986) +1 other reference
    • Pudasjärvi
Karinen
  • Pirkanmaa
    • Akaa
Papunen
Greenland
 
  • Sermersooq
    • Kangerlussuaq Fjord
      • Skaergaard intrusion
Andersen et al. (2017)
Guinea
 
  • Kindia Region
Augé et al. (2018)
India
 
  • Karnataka
    • Davanagere District
      • Shimoga schist belt
Alapieti et al. (2005) +1 other reference
    • Shimoga District
Devaraju et al. (2014, January) +1 other reference
  • Odisha
    • Keonjhar District
Mondal et al. (1997)
Jena et al. (2017)
Ivory Coast
 
  • Montagnes
    • Tonkpi
      • Biankouma Department
Gouedji et al. (2014)
Kazakhstan
 
  • Abai Region
    • Abay District
      • Maksut
Prokopyev et al. (2010)
Madagascar
 
  • Betsiboka
    • Maevatanana District
      • Morafeno Commune
[AmMin 85:265]
North Macedonia
 
  • Radoviš Municipality
Petrunov et al. (2001)
Norway
 
  • Vestland
    • Vik
Nilsson et al. (1998)
Russia
 
  • Amur Oblast
Guryanov et al. (2022)
  • Buryatia
    • Severo-Baykalsky District
      • Dovyren Highlands
Spiridonov et al. (2019) +1 other reference
Spiridonov et al. (2019, April)
Kislov +1 other reference
  • Chelyabinsk Oblast
    • Kizilsky District
Rakhimov et al. (2021)
  • Irkutsk Oblast
Kolotilina et al. (2019)
    • Uda–Biryusa district
Shvedov et al. (2017) +1 other reference
Kolotilina et al. (2019) +1 other reference
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Ust-Bolsheretsky District
      • Dukuk Complex (Dukuk Massif)
Novakov et al. (2021)
Tararin et al. (2007)
Tararin et al. (2007)
  • Krasnoyarsk Krai
Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) +2 other references
    • Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug
      • Taimyr Peninsula
Spiridonov et al. (2015)
          • Talnakh Cu-Ni Deposit
Anthony et al. (1990) +4 other references
2014 Ultramafic-mafic intrusions
    • Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District
      • Kureika river
        • Dzheltul'skii massif (Dzhaltul)
Shvedov et al. (2015)
  • Murmansk Oblast
    • Fedorovo-Pansky massif (Pana layered complex)
Groshev +7 other references
Groshev +6 other references
Groshev +7 other references
33rd International Geological Congress (2008)
www.duke.edu (2003)
Grokhovskaya et al. (2009)
Barkov et al. (2022)
Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008)
Chashchin et al. (2021)
      • Sopcha Massif
Pekov (1998)
          • Sopcha Mt
Chashchin et al. (2023)
33 IGC excursion No 48
www4.geology.utoronto.ca (n.d.)
    • Pechengsky District
Abzalov et al. (1997)
  • Republic of Karelia
Grokhovskaya et al. (2005)
Grishaenko et al. (2007)
    • Loukhsky District
      • Oulanka plutonic complex
        • Olanga River (Oulanka River)
Barkov et al. (1993) +1 other reference
Barkov et al. (1996) +2 other references
    • Northern Karelia
Lavrov et al. (2017)
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Karpinsk Urban Okrug
Mikhailov et al. (2021)
Mikhailov et al. (2021)
  • Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
    • Labytnangi
Murzin et al. (2022)
  • Zabaykalsky Krai
    • Chiney massif
Barkov et al. (2002) +1 other reference
South Africa
 
  • Free State
    • Fezile Dabi District Municipality
      • Moqhaka Local Municipality
Anthony et al. (1990)
  • Limpopo
    • Capricorn District Municipality
      • Blouberg Local Municipality
        • Waterberg project
McCreesh et al. (2018)
    • Sekhukhune District Municipality
      • Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality
Montjoie (2018)
Melcher et al. (2005)
    • Waterberg District Municipality
      • Mogalakwena Local Municipality
Hutchinson et al. (2005) +1 other reference
Van der Merwe (2011) +3 other references
          • Mogalakwena Mine
Holwell et al. (2007)
Armitage et al. (2002) +2 other references
Fanus Viljoen et al. (2016)
Manyeruke (2007)
Hutchinson et al. (2005)
  • Mpumalanga
    • Gert Sibande District Municipality
      • Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality
        • Waterval
www.minsoc.org.za (2005)
H.F.J. Theart and C.D. de Nooy (2001) +1 other reference
  • North West
    • Bojanala Platinum District Municipality
      • Rustenburg Local Municipality
        • Marikana
Dzvinamurungu (2012)
        • Rustenburg
R.O. Meyer collection
          • Royal Bafokeng
Smith et al. (2013)
Cairncross et al. (1995)
Cairncross et al. (1995)
Spain
 
  • Extremadura
    • Badajoz
      • Monesterio
Ortega et al. (2004) +3 other references
Tanzania
 
  • Kigoma Region
Wilhelmij et al. (2016) +1 other reference
  • Ruvuma Region
    • Tunduru District
Hassan et al. (2024) +1 other reference
UK
 
  • Scotland
    • Dumfries and Galloway
      • Newton Stewart
Power et al. (2004)
    • Highland
      • Caol and Mallaig
        • Isle of Rum
Power et al. (2000)
USA
 
  • Minnesota
    • St. Louis County
      • Ely-Hoyt Lakes Area
McSwiggen (1999)
  • Montana
Volborth et al. (1986)
    • Stillwater County
Gobla (2012)
    • Sweet Grass County
Andersen et al. (2018)
  • Nevada
    • Clark County
Erik Vercammen collection
      • Virgin Mountains
Castor et al. (2004)
          • Whitney Pocket Basin
Brent Thorne specimen analyzed by Sid ...
  • Wyoming
    • Albany County
      • Lake Owen Complex
5th International Platinum Symposium ...
      • New Rambler Mining District
Loucks (1976) +2 other references
Vietnam
 
  • Sơn La Province
    • Bắc Yên District
      • Ban Phuc
Glotov et al. (2001)
Zimbabwe
 
  • Mashonaland West
    • Chegutu District
Economic Geology (1990) +3 other references
  • Midlands
    • Shurugwi District
Wilson et al. (2001)
    • Zvishavane District
      • Zvishavane (Shabani; Shabanie; Shavani)
Nashwa (2008)
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