Phengite
A variety of Muscovite
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About Phengite
Formula:
KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2
Name:
Originally named in 1841 by Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt as a group of micas showing biaxial characteristics, and applied as a genus name to all of the known biaxial mica minerals then defined. The origin of the name in German is from "feurig" suggesting glowing or fiery, presumably due to the mineral's luster and that property was translated to the Greek φλογερός, also meaning fiery. In 1853, Franz von Kobell discarded phengite as a genus name, partly because binomial nomenclature of minerals had been discarded, and he resurrected the name phengite and defined it as a muscovite with high silica contents, as a way of discussing mica formulas with varying fixed molecular forms. However, James D. Dana criticized the use of phengite in 1854 and von Kobell apparently abandoned the name. Alexander N. Winchell (1925) resurrected phengite in the same manner used by von Kobell in order to assign fixed molecular mixing to account for excess Si substitution in muscovite. Guidotti (1984) and others called slightly hypersilicic muscovite "phengitic muscovite" or simply phengite when Si was greater than 3.5 pfu. In 1998, phengite was defined as a high silica variety of muscovite on the chemical join between muscovite, celadonite, and aluminoceladonite, depending on the composition of the octahedral substitutions, but phengite ceased to be considered an end-member composition.
Phengite is an aluminous true mica which contains a relatively high amount of tetrahedrally co-ordinated Si (>3.1 apfu). As the Si amount increases, additional octahedrally co-ordinated cations are necessary for charge balance. This is an uncommon condition, as there is normally a composition gap between dioctahedral and trioctahedral micas. The substitutions are not restricted to trivalent (Fe, Al) or divalent cations (Mg, Fe, Mn, etc.), and a mixture of substituents is possible. Guidotti (1984) reviewed the conditions under which Ti4+ might substitute for octahedral Al.
Schmidt et al. (2001) showed that the phengite unit-cell parameters have a distinct dependence on the celadonite content (cf. also Kisch et al., 2006).
Rieder et al. (1998) noted: "Potassic dioctahedral micas are between, or close to, the joins muscovite-aluminoceladonite and muscovite-celadonite."
Also defined as:
"(1) white micas with Si in excess of 3 apfu (atoms per formula unit) in the tetrahedral T site, thus lying on the joins muscovite-aluminoceladonite, and muscovite-celadonite.
(2) white micas with fairly large amounts of Mg and Fe (whatever its oxidation state) and other scarce heavy cations such as Ti, Cr, etc. in the octahedral M site, the name thus meaning any mica with variable amounts of octahedral Al substituted mostly by Mg and Fe, irrespective of whether it is tetrasilicic or not, but implicitly assuming charge balance." (Cibin et al., 2008).
Bailey (1984) gives the ideal formula of phengite as KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5Si3.5Al0.5O10(OH)2.
Tappert et al. (2013) defined phengite more carefully as the compositional space between muscovite, aluminoceladonite and ferroaluminoceladonite, with Si between 3.1 and 3.5.
Schmidt et al. (2001) showed that the phengite unit-cell parameters have a distinct dependence on the celadonite content (cf. also Kisch et al., 2006).
Rieder et al. (1998) noted: "Potassic dioctahedral micas are between, or close to, the joins muscovite-aluminoceladonite and muscovite-celadonite."
Also defined as:
"(1) white micas with Si in excess of 3 apfu (atoms per formula unit) in the tetrahedral T site, thus lying on the joins muscovite-aluminoceladonite, and muscovite-celadonite.
(2) white micas with fairly large amounts of Mg and Fe (whatever its oxidation state) and other scarce heavy cations such as Ti, Cr, etc. in the octahedral M site, the name thus meaning any mica with variable amounts of octahedral Al substituted mostly by Mg and Fe, irrespective of whether it is tetrasilicic or not, but implicitly assuming charge balance." (Cibin et al., 2008).
Bailey (1984) gives the ideal formula of phengite as KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5Si3.5Al0.5O10(OH)2.
Tappert et al. (2013) defined phengite more carefully as the compositional space between muscovite, aluminoceladonite and ferroaluminoceladonite, with Si between 3.1 and 3.5.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3189 (as Phengite)
2815 (as Muscovite)
2815 (as Muscovite)
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3189:5 (as Phengite)
mindat:1:1:2815:4 (as Muscovite)
mindat:1:1:2815:4 (as Muscovite)
IMA Classification of Phengite
Discredited
Chemistry of Phengite
Mindat Formula:
KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2
Element Weights:
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Miocene : 16 ± 0.2 Ma to 14.2 ± 0.6 Ma - based on 11 recorded ages.
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 52.82 % | 49.07 % | 49.40 % | 49.32 % | 50.89 % | 51.03 % | 48.93 % | 51.86 % |
| P2O5 | 0.00 % | |||||||
| TiO2 | 0.29 % | 0.32 % | 0.45 % | 0.19 % | 0.36 % | 0.32 % | 0.39 % | 0.38 % |
| Al2O3 | 23.34 % | 32.04 % | 31.66 % | 29.03 % | 27.40 % | 26.63 % | 28.05 % | 24.85 % |
| FeO | 0.12 % | 1.18 % | 1.65 % | 2.20 % | 1.06 % | 1.36 % | 2.25 % | 1.73 % |
| MnO | 0.04 % | 0.06 % | 0.10 % | 0.09 % | 0.05 % | |||
| MgO | 5.93 % | 2.39 % | 2.39 % | 3.08 % | 3.89 % | 4.18 % | 3.36 % | 4.68 % |
| CaO | 0.00 % | 0.02 % | 0.05 % | 0.14 % | 0.10 % | 0.06 % | 0.07 % | |
| Na2O | 0.16 % | 1.52 % | 0.91 % | 0.84 % | 0.66 % | 0.68 % | 0.25 % | |
| K2O | 11.07 % | 9.30 % | 10.9 % | 11.07 % | 10.09 % | 10.61 % | 10.30 % | 10.86 % |
| Cr2O3 | 0.24 % | 0.16 % | 0.15 % | 0.12 % | ||||
| Total: | 93.77 % | 95.84 % | 97.41 % | 94.89 % | 94.97 % | 95.15 % | 94.26 % | 94.85 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 4 | K0.95Al1.50(Mg0.31 Fe2+0.12 Al0.11)Σ0.5(Al0.68Ti0.01Si3.31)Σ4.00O10OH2 |
| 5 | (K0.86Na0.11 )Σ0.97(Al 1.46 Cr 0.01 Ca0.01Mg0.39Fe0.06 Ti0.02)Σ1.95(Al0.61Si3.39O10)OH2 |
| 6 | K0.91Na0.09(Mg0.42 Fe0.08 Ca0.01Mn0.01Al1.51)Σ1.93(Al0.59Si3.41)Σ4.00O10OH2 |
| 7 | K0.89Na0.09(Mg0.34 Fe0.13 Mn0.01 Ti0.02Al1.51)Σ2.11(Al0.69Si3.31)Σ4.00O10OH2 |
| 8 | K0.93Na0.03(Mg0.47 Fe0.10 Ca0.01Ti0.02Al1.44)Σ2.04(Al0.52Si3.48)Σ4.00O10OH2 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Case Parigi, Martiniana Po, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy | Sample from fine grained matrix of coesite-phenige-pyrope schist Mineral analyses were performed by means of the Cameca electron microprobe (CAMEBAX) , using a wavelength-dispersive technique with PAP correction acceleration voltage 15 kV, beam current 15 nA, measuring time 20 s). | |
| 2 | Gablor Hill eclogites, Kulp district, Diyarbakir Province, Turkey | colorless mica-flake in kyanite-eclogite. EMPA analysis | |
| 3 | " " | colorless mica-flake in kyanite-eclogite. EMPA analysis | |
| 4 | Charakoma eclogite, Kechros, Arriana, Rhodope, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece | EMPA analysis of a primary phengite in an kyanite-eclogite. | |
| 5 | Eissee eclogite, Timmelbach valley, Prägraten am Großvenediger, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria | EMPA analysis of a phengite inclusion in garnet from a kyanite-eclogite | |
| 6 | Steinsteg eclogite, Frosnitz valley, Matrei in Osttirol, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria | EMPA anallysis of phengite from a kyanite-eclogite | |
| 7 | " " | EMPA analysis of a matrix phengite in a post eclogite-facies mica schists. | |
| 8 | " " | EMPA analysis of a phengite inclusion in amphibole from a post eclogite-facies mica schists. |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 16 : Low-? aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Other Language Names for Phengite
Varieties of Phengite
| Mariposite | A greenish Cr-bearing "phengite". See also fuchsite. Originally described from Mariposa Co., California, USA. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Phengite associated with Glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 5 photos of Phengite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4 photos of Phengite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 3 photos of Phengite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Phengite associated with Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 1 photo of Phengite associated with Magnesiostaurolite | Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4 |
| 1 photo of Phengite associated with Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| 1 photo of Phengite associated with Almandine-Pyrope Series | |
| 1 photo of Phengite associated with Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 1 photo of Phengite associated with Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
Radioactivity
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Phengite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Phengite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3189.html
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Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Phengite
Reference List:
Tschermak, G. (1879) Die Glimmergruppe (II. Theil). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 3 (1). 122-167 doi:10.1524/zkri.1879.3.1.122
Crowley, M. S., Roy, Rustum (1964) Crystalline solubility in the muscovite and phlogopite groups. American Mineralogist, 49 (3-4) 348-362
Massonne, Hans -Joachim, Schreyer, Werner (1987) Phengite geobarometry based on the limiting assemblage with K-feldspar, phlogopite, and quartz. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 96 (2) 212-224 doi:10.1007/bf00375235
Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., D’Yakonov, Y.S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardt, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P.V., Muller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radoslovich, E.W., Robert, J.L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D.R. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. The Canadian Mineralogist, 36 (3) 905-912
Guidotti, C. V., Sassi, F. P., Comodi, P., Zanazzi, P. F., Blencoe, J. G. (2000) The contrasting responses of muscovite and paragonite to increasing pressure: petrological implications. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38 (3). 707-712 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.38.3.707
Schmidt, Max W., Dugnani, Mattia, Artioli, Gilberto (2001) Synthesis and characterization of white micas in the join muscovite–aluminoceladonite. American Mineralogist, 86 (4) 555-565 doi:10.2138/am-2001-0418
Coggon, R., Holland, T. J. B. (2002) Mixing properties of phengitic micas and revised garnet-phengite thermobarometers. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20 (7) 683-696 doi:10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00395.x
Mookherjee, M., Redfern, S. A. T. (2002) A high-temperature Fourier transform infrared study of the interlayer and Si–O-stretching region in phengite-2M1. Clay Minerals, 37 (2) 323-336 doi:10.1180/0009855023720036
Kisch, Hanan J., Sassi, Raffaele, Sassi, Francesco P. (2006) The b0 lattice parameter and chemistry of phengites from HP/LT metapelites. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18 (2) 207-222 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0207
Cibin, G., Cinque, G., Marcelli, A., Mottana, A., Sassi, R. (2008) The octahedral sheet of metamorphic 2M1-phengites: A combined EMPA and AXANES study. American Mineralogist, 93 (2) 414-425 doi:10.2138/am.2008.2548
Localities for Phengite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Marignac (1988) |
Antarctica | |
| Godard et al. (2017) |
Australia | |
| Och et al. (2003) |
| Schellen et al. (2021) |
| Page (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Greenfield et al. (2006) |
| Magnall et al. (2021) |
| Paul (2010) |
| Williams et al. (1998) |
| Wright et al. (1989) |
| Råheim et al. (3) |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Mueller et al. (2021) |
Austria | |
| Götzinger et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Richter et al. (1991) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Nikopoulou et al. (2025) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Kirchner (1979) |
| Pohl et al. (1999) |
| Hoschek (2001) |
| Hoschek (2004) |
| Schmidegg (1963) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Putiš et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| M. Abrahao Moura et al. et al. (2) |
| Cid et al. (2014) |
| Poggi et al. (2022) |
| Santos et al. (2001) |
| Rezende et al. (2021) |
| Chris D. Parkinson et al. | |
| Barros Neto et al. (2020) |
| Dressel et al. (2022) |
| Araújo Neto et al. (2024) |
| Mexias et al. (2005) |
| Siachoque +2 other references |
Bulgaria | |
| Sabeva et al. (2017) |
| Petrík et al. (2016) |
Canada | |
| Mauthner et al. (2006) |
| - (n.d.) |
| [var: Mariposite] Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Garagan (2014) |
| ... | |
| [var: Mariposite] Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Cairnes et al. (1937) | |
| [var: Mariposite] minfile.gov.bc.ca (2012) | |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Febbo et al. (2019) |
| [var: Mariposite] Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Sparkes et al. (2016) |
| Farley (1978) |
| O'Reilly et al. (1982) | |
| [var: Mariposite] www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (2021) |
| Geraint Harris et al (2011) |
| Econ Geology (1993) |
| SRK Consulting (Canada) |
| Hulstein et al. (2011) |
Chile | |
| Gibbons (2018) |
| Willner et al. (2001) |
| Crespo et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
China | |
| |
| Franz et al. (2001) |
| Sassi et al. (2000) | |
| Yilin Xiao et al. (2000) |
| A.I. Okay et al. |
| Aral (1993) |
| Aral (1993) | |
| Song Shuguang et al. (2004) |
| Zhu et al. (2001) |
| Zhu et al. (2001) | |
| Zhu et al. (2001) | |
| Zhu et al. (2001) | |
| Zhu et al. (2001) | |
| Guo et al. (2022) |
| Wang et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Chinho Tsai (2005) |
| Nenggao Hu et al. (1995) |
| Weidong Sun et al. (2002) |
| Zhang et al. (1994) |
| Yuanbao Wu et al. (2008) |
| www.ngu.no (n.d.) |
| Ma et al. (2021) |
| Ratschbacher et al. (2006) |
| Yilin Xiao et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Mattinson et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Desong Lin (1993) |
| Wu Hanquan et al. (2003) |
| Ju et al. (2022) |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| Zhang et al. (2006) |
| Song Shuguang et al. (2004) |
| Song Shuguang et al. (2004) | |
| Jingsui Yang et al. (2001) |
| Zhang Dequan et al. (2009) | |
| Yang Jingsui et al. (2001) |
| Chen Danling et al. (2007) | |
| Jingsui Yang et al. (2001) |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
| Zhou et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2014) |
| Luo Yan et al. (2004) |
| Hongrui Fan et al. (2005) |
| Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Yuan et al. (2022) |
| Hao et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Zhu +2 other references |
| Zhao et al. (2024) |
| Xia et al. (2001) |
| Yang et al. (2022) |
| Kaijun Zhang et al. (2006) | |
| Wu et al. (2025) |
| Jin et al. (2024) |
| Tian Qiu and Yongfeng Zhu (2014) |
| Jun Gao et al. (1995) |
| Xin Liu et al. (2013) |
| Lifei Zhang et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Mao et al. (2024) |
Cuba | |
| Garcia-Casco (2009) +2 other references |
Czech Republic | |
| Dolníček et al. (2018) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Fojt |
| Perraki et al. (2014) |
| Kotková J. et al. (2013) |
| Krejčí Kotlánová et al. (2024) |
| Mísař (1969) |
Czech Republic/Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Młynarska et al. (2022) +2 other references | |
Dominican Republic | |
| Krebs et al. (2008) |
Ecuador | |
| Aspden et al. (1995) |
| Navas Jaramillo et al. (2025) |
Egypt | |
| [var: Mariposite] Abdel‐Karim et al. (2018) |
| Zoheir et al. (2014) | |
| Sami et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Elsagheer et al. (2025) |
Fiji | |
| Orovan (2016) |
France | |
| Parneix et al. (1982) |
| [var: Mariposite] Desmons (1990) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) | |
| Barré et al. (2020) |
| Barré et al. (2020) | |
| Barré et al. (2020) | |
| Barré et al. (2020) |
| Barré et al. (2020) | |
| Barré et al. (2020) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France numero 9 Morbihan ( éditions BRGM ) |
| Spandler et al. (2005) |
| Maurizot et al. (2020) |
| Lebocey (2014) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Guitard (2010) |
| G. Lasnier et al. |
| Godard et al. (2024) |
| Beaufort (1985) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Mevel et al. (1980) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Saliot et al. (1982) |
Georgia | |
| Şafak Utku Sönmez et al. (2022) |
Germany | |
| |
| Franz et al. (1986) |
| G. Franz and E.A. Smelik | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| silicate fluids included in garnet et al. (5) +1 other reference | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Greece | |
| Xypolias et al. (2012) |
| Boundi et al. (2024) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Mposkos et al. (2011) |
| Mposkos et al. (2011) | |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Reinecke (1986) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Avigad et al. (1992) |
| Avigad et al. (1992) | |
| www.geosociety.org (n.d.) +4 other references |
Greenland | |
| Cao (2016) |
Guatemala | |
| Harlow et al. (2011) |
| Tsujimori (2005) |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| K. Török |
India | |
| Tripathi et al. (2022) |
Indonesia | |
| Miyazaki et al. (1998) |
| doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13179.41767 +1 other reference |
| Hakim (2017) | |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
Iran | |
| Tahmasebi et al. (2010) |
| Oberhänsli et al. (2007) |
| Ali Sholeh et al. (2016) |
Ireland | |
| Max et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1979) |
| Chopin et al. (1992) | |
| Dal Piaz et al. (2008) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Toffolo (2012-13) |
| Rivista di Mineralogia e ... +3 other references |
| Silvana Martin et al. (2025) |
| Goffé et al. (1997) |
| Valente et al. (2000) | |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1968) |
| Ch. Robert et al. | |
| Eur. J. Mineral 18:569–582 (2006) |
| Martin et al. (1989) | |
| Martin et al. (1989) | |
| Compagnoni Roberto et al. (2011) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Busato et al. (1983) |
| Puxeddu (1971) |
| Vignaroli G. et al. (2010) |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Boscardin et al. (1984) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bernardelli et al. (2000) |
| Bernardelli et al. (2000) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) +2 other references | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| Lombardo et al. (1978) | |
| Mandarino (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Hirajima et al. (1993) | |
| Biino G et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Cabella et al. (1992) +3 other references |
| www.ngu.no (n.d.) |
| Compagnoni et al. (1976) |
| Rossetti P. (2008) |
| Goffé (2002) |
| Goffé (2002) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Castelli et al. (2002) +3 other references |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Santoro et al. (2025) | |
| Vola (2020) |
| Ghignone et al. (2023) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Gioda et al. (1978) |
| Lombardo et al. (1977) +2 other references |
| Ivaldi et al. (2001) +3 other references |
| Bussy et al. (1996) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Martin (1984) |
| Bussy et al. (1996) |
| Zuccali et al. (2010) |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Gastaldi (1874) +1 other reference |
| Gioda et al. (1978) |
| Bussy et al. (1996) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) |
| Corno et al. (2022) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Pognante (1983) | |
| Monte Soglio-Rocca Canavese +3 other references | |
| Maletto et al. (2011) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Bussy et al. (1996) |
| Ch. Robert et al. | |
| Corno et al. (2022) |
| Corno et al. (2022) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Polino et al. (2002) |
| Compagnoni et al. (2014) |
| Compagnoni et al. (2014) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| den Tex (1987) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Franco Luca Bonino find & collection |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Roggiani (1969) +4 other references |
| Reinhardt J. (2004) |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
| Meli et al. (2003) |
Japan | |
| INOUE et al. (1991) |
| Naohito Kishira (2013) |
| BANNO (1993) |
| Myint (1996) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Tadao Nishiyama et al. (2018) |
| HAMADA et al. (2008) |
| Banno (2000) | |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| Majima collection |
| Matsubara et al. (1988) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Filimonov et al (2005) +1 other reference |
| Hwang et al. (2013) +4 other references |
| Ogasawara et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Dobrzhinetskaya et al. (2003) |
| Shen et al. (2025) |
| Dobrzhinetskaya et al. (2003) |
Kosovo | |
| J. Petrol. |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| OROZBAEV et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Bull. Minéral. |
Mongolia | |
| Dostal et al. (2022) |
Morocco | |
| Pelleter et al. (2008) |
| D. Blamart et al. |
Myanmar | |
| Jing Wang et al. (2013) |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
Nepal | |
| M. P. Searle et al. (2003) |
New Zealand | |
| Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14 (2) |
| Robinson (2018) |
| Coombs et al. (1993) |
North Korea | |
| Shibata (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Jančev et al. (2017) |
| Altherr et al. (2017) |
Norway | |
| Robinson et al. (2008) |
| Svensen et al. (2001) |
| Agard et al. (2005) |
| Kanat (1984) | |
| Kanat (1984) | |
| Svensen et al. (2001) |
| Green et al. (1972) |
| Smith et al. (1989) | |
| Worthington et al. (2013) |
| Carswell et al. (2003) | |
| Carswell et al. (2003) |
| Carswell et al. (2003) | |
| Carswell et al. (2003) | |
| Krogh (1980) |
| Svensen et al. (2001) |
Oman | |
| Jour.Met.Geo 19:233–248 (2001) |
Pakistan | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Papua New Guinea | |
| ESPI et al. (22–25 October 2006) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... |
| Dera et al. (2023) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Achramowicz (2005) |
| Ilnicki et al. (2023) | |
| Wajsprych et al. (2003) |
Portugal | |
| B. Charoy et al. |
| Breiter et al. (2023) | |
| Vallance et al. (2003) |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Leal et al. (2022) |
Russia | |
| Leech et al. (2000) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2007) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2018) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2018) |
| Mineralogy of the Baimka Cu-Au trend et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) |
| Chitalin et al. (2023) |
| Nikolaev et al. (2013) |
| Rusinov et al. (2008) |
| Rusinov et al. (2008) | |
| Mills et al. (2011) |
| Filimonova et al. (2008) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) | |
| Yefimov et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Dunn et al. (1984) |
| Svetova +1 other reference |
| Logvinova et al. (2019) |
| Trunilina et al. (2024) |
| Salimgaraeva et al. (2024) |
| Breiter et al. (2024) |
Saint Martin | |
| Li et al. (2022) | |
Slovakia | |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
| Lemanski (n.d.) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Štubňa et al. (2019) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Maťašovský et al. (2022) |
South Africa | |
| Paul Meulenbeld collection Photo ID: ... |
South Korea | |
| Park +3 other references |
| Shibata (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| B. Goffé et al. |
| Santamaría-López et al. (2023) | |
| Oberti et al. (2008) | |
| Azañón et al. (1997) |
| Goffé +3 other references |
| Azañón et al. (1997) | |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Cruz et al. (1997) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Tornos et al. (2024) |
| Tornos et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| J.I. Gil Ibarguchi |
Sudan | |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) |
Sweden | |
| Klonowska et al. (2017) |
| in: F. Corfu (Eds.) +1 other reference |
| Damman (1989) |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) | |
| Romani (2000) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meyre et al. (1999) |
| Meyre et al. (1999) | |
| Meyre et al. (1999) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Keller L.M. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Scherrer et al. (2001) |
Taiwan | |
| |
Thailand | |
| Linnen et al. (1993) |
Togo | |
| Chem. Geol. |
Tunisia | |
| Souissi et al. (1997) | |
Turkey | |
| Okay et al. (2000) |
| Okay (1997) |
| Okay (2002) | |
| Okay et al. (2000) |
| Kiray et al. (2024) |
| Okay et al. (1985) |
| Davis et al. (2006) |
| Şentürk et al. (1981-82) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| Kim et al. (2023) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| ... |
| - (2005) |
| Knopf (1929) +1 other reference | |
| Knopf (1929) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Tsujimori | |
| William H. Storms |
| - (2005) | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Bradley (1939) +1 other reference | |
| Hulin (1925) +3 other references |
| Murdock et al. (1938) +3 other references |
| Gueven (1970) +2 other references |
| Bowen et al. (1957) +2 other references | |
| Silliman et al. (1868a) +2 other references |
| Silliman et al. (1867a) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| [var: Mariposite] geotripper.blogspot.com (n.d.) |
| - (2005) |
| Knopf (1929) +2 other references | |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Chesterman (1966b) +1 other reference |
| Clark (1956) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Lindgren (1896a) +3 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| |
| Ferguson (1914b) |
| - (2005) | |
| Ferguson (1914b) +3 other references | |
| Ferguson (1914b) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Ferguson (1914b) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| MacBoyle (1920b) +3 other references |
| DHZ |
| Armstrong et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Peter Cristofono | |
| Roberts et al. (1994) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:588. |
| description of the Sonora sheet: USGS Geol. Atlas (No. 41) +2 other references | |
| Knopf (1929) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| [var: Mariposite] 95. +1 other reference |
| Hwang et al. (2015) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) | |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Fischer et al. (2020) |
| [var: Mariposite] Maynard (2014) |
| Leonard S.Wiener and Sigrid Ballew | |
| Mohr et al. (1983) |
| Paris (2011) |
| |
| Schulze et al. (2014) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) |
| Paradis et al. (2023) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Venezuela | |
| USGS Bull 2124 |
Goiás, Brazil