Plumbogummite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Plumbogummite
Formula:
PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Colour:
Light blue, gray-white, yellow-gray, yellow, yellow-brown, red-brown, greenish, bluish, dark blue-gray
Lustre:
Resinous, Dull
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
4.014
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1819 by François Pierre Nicolas Gillet de Laumont from the Latin "plumbum" for lead, and "gummi" for gum, in allusion to its lead content and appearance at times as drops or coatings of gum.
The lead analogue of crandallite and goyazite, and the phosphate analogue of philipsbornite.
Compare also the chemically similar hinsdalite with which it forms a complete solid-solution series.
A relatively common secondary lead aluminium phosphate mineral.
Compare also the chemically similar hinsdalite with which it forms a complete solid-solution series.
A relatively common secondary lead aluminium phosphate mineral.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3247
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3247:2
IMA Classification of Plumbogummite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
Approval history:
Redefined 1999 s.p.: Kolitsch et al. (1999).
Classification of Plumbogummite
8.BL.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
42.7.3.5
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq·xH2O
19.10.2
19 : Phosphates
10 : Phosphates of Pb, Th, V and Bi
19 : Phosphates
10 : Phosphates of Pb, Th, V and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pbg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Plumbogummite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Plumbogummite
Resinous, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Also gum-like
Colour:
Light blue, gray-white, yellow-gray, yellow, yellow-brown, red-brown, greenish, bluish, dark blue-gray
Streak:
Colourless to white
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.014 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.08 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Plumbogummite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.653 - 1.688 nε = 1.675 - 1.704
Birefringence:
0.024
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.000 - 0.035
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Comments:
May be biaxial
Chemistry of Plumbogummite
Mindat Formula:
PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ga
Crystallography of Plumbogummite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.017 Å, c = 16.75 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.387
Unit Cell V:
714.25 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Commonly occurs as botryoidal, reniform, stalactitic, or globular crusts or masses, frequently with a concentric structure; also occurs compact massive. Radial fibrous or spherulitic under magnification. May resemble drops or coatings of gum. Minute crystals with a hexagonal outline are rare.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006790 | Plumbogummite | Kolitsch U, Tiekink E R T, Slade P G, Taylor M R, Pring A (1999) Hinsdalite and plumbogummite, their atomic arrangements and disordered lead sites European Journal of Mineralogy 11 513-520 | 1999 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.71 Å | (90) |
| 4.93 Å | (40) |
| 3.51 Å | (70) |
| 3.44 Å | (50) |
| 2.969 Å | (100) |
| 1.905 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits.
Type Occurrence of Plumbogummite
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Found in a polymetallic Pb vein.
Synonyms of Plumbogummite
Other Language Names for Plumbogummite
French:Aluminiate de Plomb avec eau de combinaison
Plomb-gomme
Plombgomme
Plomb hydro-alumineux
Plomb rouge en stalactites-tantot en globules
Sel acide-phosphorique-martial
Plomb-gomme
Plombgomme
Plomb hydro-alumineux
Plomb rouge en stalactites-tantot en globules
Sel acide-phosphorique-martial
German:Plumbogummit
Blei-aluminat
Bleigummi
Bleihydroaluminat
Gummibleispath
Gummispath
Hitchcockit
Plumboresinit
Schadeit
Blei-aluminat
Bleigummi
Bleihydroaluminat
Gummibleispath
Gummispath
Hitchcockit
Plumboresinit
Schadeit
Russian:Плюмбогуммит
Simplified Chinese:水磷铝铅矿
Traditional Chinese:水磷鋁鉛礦
Varieties of Plumbogummite
| Ga-rich plumbogummite | Ga-rich plumbogummite; Ga occupies approximately a third of the Al position. |
Relationship of Plumbogummite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Plumbogummite Group:
| Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kintoreite-2c | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 | |
| Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| UM2006-23-PO:AlBiCaFeH | (Ca,Bi)(Fe,Al)3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | |
| Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 | |
| Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 688 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| 132 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 98 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 29 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 28 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 25 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| 23 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Corkite | PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 20 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Coronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 19 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 15 photos of Plumbogummite associated with Stolzite | Pb(WO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BL. | Kiryuite | NaMnAl(PO4)F3 |
| 8.BL. | Metaheimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BL. | Graulichite-(La) | LaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Cloudite | BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Oberwolfachite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Gallobeudantite | PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Slottaite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Corkite | PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hidalgoite | PbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hinsdalite | PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaH | BaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Kemmlitzite | SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Beudantite | PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Weilerite | BaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Woodhouseite | CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogoyazite | SrAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogorceixite | BaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Dussertite | BaFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Stibiosegnitite | Pb(Fe3+2.5Sb5+0.5)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 va | Viséite | |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenocrandallite | CaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Philipsbornite | PbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(La) | LaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Graulichite-(Ce) | CeFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenowaylandite | BiAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.15 | Viitaniemiite | Na(Ca,Mn2+)Al(PO4)(F,OH)3 |
| 8.BL.25 | Pattersonite | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)5 · H2O |
Fluorescence of Plumbogummite
May fluoresce in medium-wave UV light.
Usually not fluorescent in short- and long-wave UV light, although a weak bluish fluorescence was observed for some samles in long-wave UV light.
Usually not fluorescent in short- and long-wave UV light, although a weak bluish fluorescence was observed for some samles in long-wave UV light.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in hot acids.
May be pseudomorphic after Pyromorphite (common) or baryte.
May be pseudomorphic after Pyromorphite (common) or baryte.
Health Risks:
Contains lead. Always wash hands after handling. Do not lick or ingest dust generated while trimming.
Internet Links for Plumbogummite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3247.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Plumbogummite
Reference List:
Berzelius, J. J. (1819) Nouveau Système de minéralogie. Méquignon-Marvis.p.283 - as Aluminiate de Plomb avec eau de combinaison
Dana, James D. (1837) A System of Mineralogy (1st ed.)p.230 - as Plumbo-resinite
Hartley, E. G. J. (1900) Communications from the Oxford Mineralogical Laboratory. On the constitution of the natural Arsenates and Phosphates. Part III. Plumbogummite and Hitchcockite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 12 (57) 223-233 doi:10.1180/minmag.1900.012.57.01
Miers, H. A. (1900) Note on the Hitchcockite, Plumbogummite and Beudantite analysed by Mr. Hartley. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 12 (57). 239-243 doi:10.1180/minmag.1900.012.57.03
Prior, G. T. (1900) Hamlinite, Florencite Plumbogummite (Hitchcockite), Beudantite and Svanbergite, as members of a natural group of minerals. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 12 (57) 249-254 doi:10.1180/minmag.1900.012.57.05
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.121
Förtsch, E. B. (1967) ‘Plumbogummite’ from Roughten Gill Cumberland. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (280) 530-538 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.280.07
Bain, D. C. (1970) Plumbogummite-group minerals from Mull and Morvern. Mineralogical Magazine, 37 (292) 934-938 doi:10.1180/minmag.1970.037.292.10
Jambor, John L. (1999) Nomenclature of the alunite supergroup. The Canadian Mineralogist, 37 (6). 1323-1341
Kolitsch, Uwe, Tiekink, Edward R. T., Slade, Phil G., Taylor, Max R., Pring, Allan (1999) Hinsdalite and plumbogummite, their atomic arrangements and disordered lead sites. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11 (3) 513-520 doi:10.1127/ejm/11/3/0513
Bayliss, P., Kolitsch, U., Nickel, E. H., Pring, A. (2010) Alunite supergroup: recommended nomenclature. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (5) 919-927 doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.5.919
Localities for Plumbogummite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Páez et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Leverett et al. (2007) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) |
| Scott (2003, June) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Leverett et al. (2003) | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Slansky (1977) |
| Economic Geology 99 (2004) +1 other reference |
| Ryan Eagle specimen |
| Lottermoser et al. (2008) |
| Raymond (1992) |
| Lottermoser et al. (2008) |
| Miningdataonline +1 other reference |
| Paul |
| Taheri +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| |
| Birch et al. (2007) |
| Museum Victoria collection |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Nickel et al. (1994) |
| Downes et al. (2006) |
| Downes et al. (2006) | |
| Dunkan +4 other references |
| Nickel (1982) |
| International Geological Congress (2008) | |
| a new category within the class of ... +1 other reference |
| Pirajno et al. (2010) | |
| Le Gleuher M. (2008) |
Austria | |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
| Mikl et al. (2014) |
| Walter et al. (2020) |
| Walter et al. (2020) |
| F.Bernhard (2012) |
| Schachinger et al. (2013) |
| Göd et al. (1999) |
Belgium | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Lefèvre (2001) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Joan Rosell - Rosellminerals.com (07/2015) +1 other reference |
| Cacho et al. (2019) |
| Cacho et al. (2015) | |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Torres et al. (2019) |
| PXRD by John Attard +2 other references |
| Wilson (2001) |
Brazil | |
| Neumann et al. (2015) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Waber (1991) |
Bulgaria | |
| www.clmc.bas.bg (2003) |
| Kunov (1996) +2 other references |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
Canada | |
| McClenaghan et al. (2015) |
Chile | |
| analysed with Edx (by Dr. Jochen Scluter) |
China | |
| Moore (2009) +1 other reference |
| Ottens (2014) | |
| Personally collected David Clayton ... |
| Analysis by Excalibur Mineral Co. (X2) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš et al. (2022) |
| Vrtiška et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Journal of Geosciences 54:15-56 |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| Desor (04/2022) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Fojt |
| Scharm et al. (2000) |
| Vrtiška et al. (2024) |
| Vrtiška et al. (2019) |
| Vrtiskova et al. (2024) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2020) |
| Sejkora (1994) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Heinz Förch and Uwe Kolitsch collections (single-crystal XRD and SEM-EDS) |
| Y. Vessely collection |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Designolle J-L. (1993) |
| old specimen in J. Behier collection |
| Jean-Luc Designolle collection |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| SEM-EDS analyses at "Laboratoire Magmas ... |
| Gourault et al. (2021) |
| David Steiner |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Germain C. (1995) |
| |
| Berzelius (1819) +2 other references |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| R. Pierrot |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| collection BONNET Frederic |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Lheur et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| |
| Pascal Chollet Collection - SEM-EDS ... |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Dill (2008) |
| Dill (2009) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Lapis 25 (2) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Lapis (10) | |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2020) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| www.tkmin.de (n.d.) |
| Held et al. (1993) |
| Belendorff (2012) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mandarino (2002) |
| Leonhardt et al. (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
Hungary | |
| collector: Regina Körmendy |
| Zajzon et al. (2004) |
| GEODA 2013/2 |
| Alwani et al. (2025) | |
Iran | |
| Altenberger et al. (2022) |
Italy | |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
Japan | |
| Nambu & Kitamura (1974) |
| Matsubara et al (1997) |
| PXRD by Alfredo Petrov (associated with hemusite and corkite) |
Morocco | |
| Tristan Mantoy's collection |
| Menor-Salván (2021) |
Namibia | |
| |
Peru | |
| Mondillo et al. (2014) |
Poland | |
| Czaplińska et al. (2011) |
| Czaplińska et al. (2011) | |
| Pieczka et al. (2013) +3 other references |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (2017) |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Russia | |
| Izbrodin et al. (2011) |
| Udoratina et al. (2024) |
| Gurzhiy et al. (2025) |
Slovakia | |
| Petrik et al. (2011) |
| Rojkovič (1999) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Calvo (2015) +1 other reference |
| García Guirado (2016) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) |
| López (n.d.) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Sáinz de Baranda et al. (2004) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2022) |
| Viñals et al. (2001) |
| Jordi Fabre |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
Togo | |
| Alain Blot: ... +1 other reference |
Tunisia | |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Powell et al. (2021) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Steve Rust collection +1 other reference |
| Peter Todhunter collection |
| Day (1999) |
| - (2003) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +6 other references | |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury (MS1) +2 other references |
| Young (1987) +1 other reference |
| Miers (1900) +4 other references | |
| M.Rothwell:EDAX | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references |
| Van Den Berg (1985) +2 other references | |
| Blum (1843) +16 other references | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Paul Nicholson |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| - (2006) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1955) +2 other references | |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| |
| Day (1999) |
USA | |
| "The Accidental Pocket" talk presented ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Specimen in collection of Michael Cline |
| Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Adams (2010) +1 other reference |
| Marty et al. (2010) |
| The Blue Bell Claims San Bernardino ... +1 other reference |
| plumbogummite | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Altamura (1995) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 64: 189. +2 other references |
| Harvard U. Collection |
| American Mineralogist 6:7-10 +2 other references |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Schubert (2017) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2025) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| DeMark et al. (1999) |
| Chris Emproto PXRD/EDS analysis |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Kearns et al. (2016) |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
| Jones +1 other reference |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany