Crandallite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Crandallite
Milan Lucian Crandall, Jr.
Formula:
CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Colour:
Yellow, white, gray; colorless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy, Silky, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
2.78 - 3.04
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1917 by Gerald Francis Loughlin and Waldemar T. Schaller in honor of mining engineer, Milan Lucian Crandall, Jr. [August 9, 1880, Springville, Utah, USA - April 19, 1959, Napa County, California, USA], previously of the Knight Mining Company, Provo, Utah, USA. (Schaller redefined goyazite as a Ba phosphate rather than a calcium phosphate in order to name crandallite.)
The calcium analogue of plumbogummite, phosphate analogue of arsenocrandallite, and Al analogue of UM2006-23-PO:AlBiCaFeH.
Commonly forms solid solutions with goyazite and gorceixite, rarely also with woodhouseite.
See also the visually and chemically similar minerals perhamite, krásnoite (both containing also major Si) and iangreyite.
A possible triclinic polymorph is reported ('UM1963-02-PO:AlCaH').
Commonly forms solid solutions with goyazite and gorceixite, rarely also with woodhouseite.
See also the visually and chemically similar minerals perhamite, krásnoite (both containing also major Si) and iangreyite.
A possible triclinic polymorph is reported ('UM1963-02-PO:AlCaH').
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1147
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1147:7
IMA Classification of Crandallite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
Approval history:
Redefined 1999 s.p.: Jambor (1999).
Classification of Crandallite
8.BL.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
L : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1
42.7.3.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq·xH2O
19.8.16
19 : Phosphates
8 : Phosphates of Al and other metals
19 : Phosphates
8 : Phosphates of Al and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cdl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Cdl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Cdl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Crandallite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Crandallite
Sub-Vitreous, Waxy, Greasy, Silky, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Massive material grades from vitreous to dull and chalky.
Colour:
Yellow, white, gray; colorless in transmitted light.
Comment:
Theoretically white; iron may make the mineral yellow to brown; also frequently stained when fine-grained.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}, perfect.
On {0001}, perfect.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.78 - 3.04 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.00 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Crandallite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.613 - 1.618 nε = 1.622 - 1.632
Birefringence:
0.011
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.000 - 0.005
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Crandallite
Mindat Formula:
CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Sr,Ba,Fe
Chemical Analysis
wt%
| 2 | |
|---|---|
| Ca | 4.9 % |
| Pb | 12.23 % |
| Ba | 0.8 % |
| Al | 22.6 % |
| Fe | 0.06 % |
| P | 15.65 % |
| S | 0.00 % |
| F | 4.5 % |
| Total: | 60.74 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Beauvoir quarry, Échassières, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France | SEM-EDS performed on picked sample on carbon ribbon. Low vac mode at 19kV |
Crystallography of Crandallite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.005 Å, c = 16.192 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.311
Unit Cell V:
688.09 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Commonly massive, nodular aggregates having concentric layering with layers comprised of sub-parallel or matted fibers. May be fine-granular and grading to a dense, agate-like or chalcedonic form; also as banded spherules with a radial-fibrous structure. Found as well-formed pseudomorphs after wavellite crystals, minyulite crystals, and other phosphates. Original crystals are rare, minute, as pseudo-cubic rhombohedrons or trigonal prisms terminated by {0001}; as rosettes of fibers elongated perpendicular to [0001]. Note: Many fibrous crandallite "crystals" are pseudomorphs.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000392 | Crandallite | Blount A M (1974) The crystal structure of crandallite American Mineralogist 59 41-47 |  | 1974 | Clay Canyon, Fairfield, Utah, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.503 Å | (25) |
| 2.983 Å | (40) |
| 2.938 Å | (100) |
| 2.163 Å | (60) |
| 1.8946 Å | (45) |
| 1.7520 Å | (35) |
| 1.4285 Å | (25) |
Comments:
ICDD 33-0257
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| 24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Late-stage phosphate mineralization in granite pegmatite; sedimentary phosphate nodules; phosphate-bearing rock fractures or in sedimentary layers.
Type Occurrence of Crandallite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Cavities in a quartz-baryte aggregate.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Crandallite
Other Language Names for Crandallite
Dutch:Crandalliet
German:Crandallit
Kalkwavellit
Kalkwavellit
Russian:Крандаллит
Simplified Chinese:纤磷钙铝石
Spanish:Crandallita
Traditional Chinese:纖磷鈣鋁石
Varieties of Crandallite
| Strontium-bearing Crandallite | A strontian variety of Crandallite. |
Relationship of Crandallite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Plumbogummite Group:
| Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Mon. m : Bm |
| Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kintoreite-2c | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 | |
| Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| UM2006-23-PO:AlBiCaFeH | (Ca,Bi)(Fe,Al)3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 | |
| Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 | |
| Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 224 photos of Crandallite associated with Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 202 photos of Crandallite associated with Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 37 photos of Crandallite associated with Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 34 photos of Crandallite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 31 photos of Crandallite associated with Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 31 photos of Crandallite associated with Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| 30 photos of Crandallite associated with Millisite | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| 27 photos of Crandallite associated with Fluellite | Al2(PO4)F2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 24 photos of Crandallite associated with Senegalite | Al2(PO4)(OH)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 16 photos of Crandallite associated with Gordonite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BL. | Kiryuite | NaMnAl(PO4)F3 |
| 8.BL. | Metaheimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 |
| 8.BL. | Graulichite-(La) | LaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Cloudite | BaFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL. | Oberwolfachite | SrFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Gallobeudantite | PbGa3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Slottaite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Corkite | PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hidalgoite | PbAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Hinsdalite | PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | UM2011-07-POSO:AlBaH | BaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Kemmlitzite | SrAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Beudantite | PbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Weilerite | BaAl3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Woodhouseite | CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.05 | Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogoyazite | SrAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenogorceixite | BaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Dussertite | BaFe3+3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Galloplumbogummite | Pb(Ga,Al,Ge)3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Stibiosegnitite | Pb(Fe3+2.5Sb5+0.5)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 va | Viséite | |
| 8.BL.10 | Arsenocrandallite | CaAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Benauite | SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Philipsbornite | PbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Springcreekite | BaV3+3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Eylettersite | Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Kintoreite | PbFe3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Gorceixite | BaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.10 | Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(La) | LaAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Zaïrite | BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(La) | LaAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Unnamed (As-analogue of Zaïrite) | (Bi,Pb)Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenoflorencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Graulichite-(Ce) | CeFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Arsenowaylandite | BiAl3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.13 | Florencite-(Sm) | SmAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BL.15 | Viitaniemiite | Na(Ca,Mn2+)Al(PO4)(F,OH)3 |
| 8.BL.25 | Pattersonite | PbFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)5 · H2O |
Fluorescence of Crandallite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Before the blowpipe, it decrepitates somewhat, then exfoliates slightly and fuses to an opaque white enamel, coloring the flame intermittently a pale green due to phosphorous with flashes of red (due to calcium). Heated in a closed tube, decrepitates and gives water.
Notes:
Soluble with difficulty in acids.
May be pseudomorphic after Gordonite.
May be pseudomorphic after Gordonite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Crandallite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1147.html
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References for Crandallite
Reference List:
Kosmann (1869) Zeitschrift der Deutsche geologische Gesellschaft, Berlin, 21, 799 (as Kalkwavellit).
Larsen, Esper S., Shannon, Earl V. (1930) Two phosphates from Dehrn; dehrnite and crandallite. American Mineralogist, 15 (8) 303-306
Larsen, Esper S., Shannon, Earl V. (1930) The minerals of the phosphate nodules from near Fairfield, Utah. American Mineralogist, 15 (8) 307-337
Larsen, Esper S., 3d, (1942) The mineralogy and paragenesis of the variscite nodules from near Fairfield, Utah, Part 1. American Mineralogist, 27 (4) 281-300
Hutchinson, Ursula M. Cowgill G. E., Joensuu, Oiva (1963) An apparently triclinic dimorph of crandallite from a tropical swamp sediment in El Petén, Guatemala. American Mineralogist, 48 (9-10) 1144-1153
Wambeke, L. Van (1971) The problem of cation deficiencies in some phosphates due to alteration processes. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 1366-1384
Blanchard, Frank N. (1972) Physical and chemical data for crandallite from Alachua County, Florida. American Mineralogist, 57 (3-4) 473-484
Lasnier, Bernard, Masse, René, Van Tassel, René (1978) Crandallite, CaAl3H (OH)6(PO4)2.H2O. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 101 (5) 578 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1978.7236
Goreaud, Michel, Raveau, Bernard (1980) Alunite and crandallite: a structure derived from that of pyrochlore. American Mineralogist, 65 (9-10) 953-956
Gilkes, R. J., Palmer, B. (1983) Synthesis, properties, and dehydroxylation of members of the crandallite-goyazite series. Mineralogical Magazine, 47 (343) 221-227 doi:10.1180/minmag.1983.047.343.13
Bermanec, V., Šćavničar, S., ZebeC, V. (1995) Childrenite and crandallite from the Stari Trg mine (Trepča), Kosovo: new data. Mineralogy and Petrology, 52 (3) 197-208 doi:10.1007/bf01163245
Breitinger, D.K., Krieglstein, R., Bogner, A., Schwab, R.G., Pimpl, Th.H., Mohr, J., Schukow, H. (1997) Vibrational spectra of synthetic minerals of the alunite and crandallite type. Journal of Molecular Structure, 408. 287-290 doi:10.1016/s0022-2860(96)09627-5
Visser, D., Felius, R. O., Moree, M. (1997) Augelite and cerian crandallite in dumortierite quartzites, Vaca Morta quarry, Vereda range, Macaúbas, Bahia, Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine, 61 (407) 607-609 doi:10.1180/minmag.1997.061.407.11
Jambor, John L. (1999) Nomenclature of the alunite supergroup. The Canadian Mineralogist, 37 (6). 1323-1341
Schwab, R.G., Pimpl, T., Schukow, H., Stolle, A., Breitinger, D.K. (2004) Compounds of the crandallite-type: Synthesis, properties and thermodynamic data of pure crandallite and woodhouseite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 2004 (9) 385-409 doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2004/2004-0385
Breitinger, D. K., Brehm, G., Mohr, J., Colognesi, D., Parker, S. F., Stolle, A., Pimpl, Th. H., Schwab, R. G. (2006) Vibrational spectra of synthetic crandallite-type minerals—optical and inelastic neutron scattering spectra. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 37 (1). 208-216 doi:10.1002/jrs.1444
Bayliss, P., Kolitsch, U., Nickel, E. H., Pring, A. (2010) Alunite supergroup: recommended nomenclature. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (5) 919-927 doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.5.919
Frost, Ray L., Xi, Yunfei, Palmer, Sara J., Pogson, Ross (2011) Vibrational spectroscopic analysis of the mineral crandallite CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5·(H2O) from the Jenolan Caves, Australia. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 82 (1) 461-466 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.078
Rossi, Manuela, Rizzi, Rosanna, Vergara, Alessandro, Capitelli, Francesco, Altomare, Angela, Bellatreccia, Fabio, Saviano, Michele, Ghiara, Rosaria M. (2017) Compositional variation of turquoise-group minerals from the historical collection of the Real Museo Mineralogico of the University of Naples. Mineralogical Magazine, 81 (6) 1405-1429 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.055
Localities for Crandallite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Campeny et al. (2015) | |
Argentina | |
| Yaciuk et al. (2021) |
| Yaciuk et al. (2021) | |
| Mercado et al. (2025) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) | |
| Demartis et al. (2011) |
Aruba | |
| Stienstra (1985) |
Australia | |
| McQueen et al. (1988) |
| McQueen +3 other references |
| Trueman (1965) +3 other references | |
| Trueman (1965) | |
| Trueman (1965) | |
| Chapman et al. (2005) |
| Frost et al. (2011) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Mills et al. (2008) | |
| Beyer et al. (1996) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Frost et al. (2004) |
| |
| Francis et al. (self published) |
| Pilkington et al. (1979) |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) |
| Peter Elliott |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Henry et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
| Dunkan +5 other references |
| Mineralogical Magazine 39 (1974) +1 other reference |
| Nickel (2008) |
Austria | |
| Blaß (1999) +2 other references |
| Niedermayr et al. (2005) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Bernhard et al. (2004) |
| unpublished +1 other reference |
| www.franzbernhard.x10hosting.com (2016) | |
| SEM-EDS on polished section | |
| Bernhard (1998) | |
| Bernhard (2006) |
| |
| MEIXNER (1963) +3 other references |
| Taucher (1995) |
Belgium | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) |
| Van Tassel (1956) +9 other references | |
| Cornet (1927) +2 other references |
| Buurman et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Fransolet et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Michel Blondieau. +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Fournier (1897) +2 other references |
| Van Tassel (1985) +1 other reference | |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) +1 other reference |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| Franz et al. (2014) |
| MinMag 61:607 (1997) | |
| Luis Menezes specimen | |
| Santos et al. (2024) |
| Sioeira et al. (1982) |
| Menezes (n.d.) |
| Waber et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Pers. Comm. from Paulo Anselmo Matioli +1 other reference |
| Waber (1991) |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| Moroni et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Grainger et al. (2008) |
| Santos et al. (2016) |
| Murdoch (1955) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1991) |
| JENKINS II (1987) |
| Robinson et al. (1998) |
| www.sbgeo.org.br (2002) |
Bulgaria | |
| Georgieva |
Burundi | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| Van den Haute et al. (Burundi) +6 other references |
Canada | |
| Breasley et al. (2024) |
| 153-155. +2 other references |
| Anderson et al. (2013) |
| Kontak (2004) |
| SAGE (1981) |
| Reid et al. (2016) |
| Adlakha et al. (2015) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| Collected by Rod Tyson |
Chile | |
| Norman King |
| Vajdak (2006) |
| Deyell et al. (2005) |
China | |
| Rao +5 other references |
| Zhenrong Shi (2008) |
| Zhenrong Shi and Keqin Cai (2007) |
| Zhang Jianguo et al. (2004) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Ma et al. (2022) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
Czech Republic | |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| Breiter K. |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Welser |
| Bouška |
| Bouška |
| Novák |
DR Congo | |
| Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) +1 other reference |
| Wall et al. (1996) |
| Daltry (1992) |
Europe | |
| Sejkora et al. (2009) |
| Fransolet et al. (1997) |
Finland | |
| Vartiainen |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Uwe Kolitsch (EDS-analysis) |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Boisson et al. (2012) |
| Mindat's pics and Philippe SAGET collection. Stolzite et al. (J.-C. Leydet, P. Leroch', J.-P. Tissier, Ph. Saget...) |
| Patureau et al. (2011) |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| BRGM (2000) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Quattropani et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| GAYRAUD (2010) |
| Lheur C. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Jean-Pierre Bourgarel collection - ... |
Gabon | |
| Laval et al. (1988) |
Germany | |
| Lapis 23 (12) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Erik Hock |
| Dana 7:II:772 |
| 42. (in German) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Dill (2008) |
| Dill et al. (2013) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Blaß et al. (2010) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Stieglitz et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Lapis 15 (7/8) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2022) |
| Rieck et al. (2020) | |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (collected by Robert Seemann in 2006, PXRD-analysed by Christian L. Lengauer, University of Vienna) |
| Voudouris et al. (2012) |
| Voudouris (2005) |
Guatemala | |
| [Clark | |
Hungary | |
| geomania.hu (2011) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Loc. |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| GEODA 2013/2 |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
Iran | |
| Abedini et al. (2024) |
Ireland | |
| Moreton et al. (1995) |
| King et al. (1993) |
Israel | |
| Goldberg et al. (1975) |
| Weiner et al. (1993) | |
Italy | |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Vattano M. et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Morteani et al. (1996) |
Japan | |
| SHIROSE et al. (2014) |
| Matsubara (1998) +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Minakawa & Tamura (1995) | |
| Minakawa & Tamura (1995) | |
| Takashi Yamada et al. (1999) |
| Enju et al. (2017) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Ankinovich et al. (1997) |
| Ankinovich et al. (1997) |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2009) |
| Uvarova et al. (2005) | |
Madagascar | |
| Berger et al. (2014) |
Mexico | |
| Forti (2006) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Namibia | |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev's personal data |
Nigeria | |
| Mücke et al. (1999) |
Niue | |
Norway | |
| Ljøstad et al. (2023) |
Peru | |
| Hercule Shen +1 other reference |
| EDS analysis Frank Keutsch and XRD Tony ... |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
Poland | |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| Ł.K. visual/comparative identification ... |
| Kruszewski et al. (2018) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Cathelineau et al. (2024) |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... |
| Dias P et al. (2014) |
Romania | |
| Exel T. & Ottner F. (2015) |
| Onac et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
| Dumitras et al. (2000) |
| CĂLIN et al. (2019) |
| Koller G.2010 Own found |
Russia | |
| Sokol et al. (2022) |
| Jambor et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
| ... | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Timophei Zefirov data +1 other reference |
| Mordberg (1999) |
| Repina (2023) | |
| www.igem.ru (2001) |
| Ivan Novikov analytical data +1 other reference |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2017) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| ... | |
| S.M. Kravchenko and B.G. Pokrovsky +1 other reference |
| Lazareva et al. (2015) | |
Rwanda | |
| Daltry et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Senegal | |
| Keegan et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Davidson et al. (2005) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
Serbia | |
| Buttinger-Kreuzhuber et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdín (2015) |
| Juraj ŽItňan (2011) |
| Rojkovič (1999) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Uher P. et al. (2009) |
South Africa | |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| Fuchs et al. (2017) |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| Ogungbuyi et al. (2022) |
Spain | |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Bauluz et al. (2014) |
| Errandonea-Martin et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Roda et al. (2001) |
| Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007) |
| Roda-Robles et al. (2010) | |
| Moro et al. (1995) |
| Camprubí et al. (4) |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| Rosell-Riba et al. (2022) | |
| Bosch +6 other references | |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| Merino et al. (2013) |
| Roza Llera +3 other references |
| Vérez et al. (2024) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
| Calvo et al. (2003) |
Sri Lanka | |
| origin.island.lk (n.d.) +4 other references |
Sudan | |
| Schwarz et al. (1999) |
| Abdelmajid et al. (2014) |
Sweden | |
| Bjällerud (1989) +2 other references |
| Grensman (1989) |
| Ek et al. (1990) |
Tajikistan | |
| webmineral.ru (n.d.) |
Togo | |
| Gnandi et al. (2003) |
| Gnandi et al. (2003) | |
| Gnandi et al. (2003) | |
| Gnandi et al. (2003) | |
Uganda | |
| www.uoguelph.ca (2004) |
| von Knorring et al. (1979) |
UK | |
| Tindle (2008) |
| King et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson et al. (1966) | |
| |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2023) |
| AmMin 67: 97-113 (1982) |
| London et al. (1982) |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| Rocks & Min.:63:107. +1 other reference | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:108. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 108. | |
| Smith (1989) +1 other reference |
| Howard (1987) | |
| Peter Hargis | |
| Charles Creekmur collection | |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references |
| |
| Bove |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Schooner (1955) |
| Blanchard (1972) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Altschuler et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:187. |
| Barwood (1999) +1 other reference |
| Wenrich (1997) |
| AmMin 43:983 +1 other reference |
| Thompson et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Wise et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Kampf et al. (2016) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (2001) |
| Smith (2005) |
| Rocks & Min. 80:251 |
| Rocks & Min. (July-Aug. 2002) +3 other references | |
| Journal of Pegmatology vol. 1 +2 other references | |
| Smith (2005) |
| USGS Open File report 2010-5220 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| DeMark et al. (1999) |
| Espenshade |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +1 other reference |
| Mark R. Heintzelman Reference collection | |
| Kampf et al. (2012) |
| Onac et al. (2011) |
| Wise (1997) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117. +1 other reference |
| Loomis (2011) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| J. Marty (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Clark (1993) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Larsen et al. (1942) +2 other references |
| Wilson (2010) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| NSS Bulletin 44:90-97 (1982) |
| Giannini et al. (1) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:167. |
| Rye et al. (2003) |
| Bauer et al. (2022) |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Jones +1 other reference |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
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