Variscite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Variscite
Formula:
AlPO4 · 2H2O
Colour:
Pale to emerald-green, bluish green, colourless to white, pale shades of brown or yellow, rarely red; Colourless to pale green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Waxy
Hardness:
3½ - 4½
Specific Gravity:
2.57 - 2.61
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
For Variscia, an old name for Vogtland, the German district where the mineral was first discovered.
Dimorph of:
Variscite-Strengite Series.
The orthorhombic dimorph of Metavariscite.
Pseudo-tetragonal-dipyramidal crystals may be confused with wardite.
The two orthorhombic polytypes, variscite-1O and variscite-2O (Ardit et al., 2022), are known as "Lucin-type" and "Messbach-type", respectively.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Variscite.
The orthorhombic dimorph of Metavariscite.
Pseudo-tetragonal-dipyramidal crystals may be confused with wardite.
The two orthorhombic polytypes, variscite-1O and variscite-2O (Ardit et al., 2022), are known as "Lucin-type" and "Messbach-type", respectively.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Variscite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4156
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4156:6
IMA Classification of Variscite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al(PO4) · 2H2O
Approval year:
1967
Classification of Variscite
8.CD.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2
40.4.1.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O
19.7.5
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Var | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Var | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Variscite
Vitreous, Waxy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Pale to emerald-green, bluish green, colourless to white, pale shades of brown or yellow, rarely red; Colourless to pale green in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ - 4½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {010}, poor on {001}.
Good on {010}, poor on {001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Comment:
Sub-conchoidal to conchoidal when fine-grained or glassy.
Density:
2.57 - 2.61 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.59 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density of 2.2 to 2.5 observed in microcrystalline and massive varieties.
Optical Data of Variscite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.563 nβ = 1.588 nγ = 1.594
2V:
Measured: 50° , Calculated: 50°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.031
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v perceptible
Chemistry of Variscite
Mindat Formula:
AlPO4 · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,As
Crystallography of Variscite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbca
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.822 Å, b = 8.561 Å, c = 9.63 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.147 : 1 : 1.125
Unit Cell V:
808.81 ų
Z:
8
Morphology:
Uncommon in crystals, pseudo-octahedral {111}, with {001} and additional forms as modifying faces only, lathlike. Commonly fine-grained massive, nodular, stalagtitic, crustiform, veinlets; chalcedonic, opaline.
Twinning:
On {201}, rare.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009582 | Variscite | Kniep R, Mootz D, Vegas A (1977) Variscite Acta Crystallographica B33 263-265 |  | 1977 | Montgomery County, Arkansas, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
Deposited from phosphatic waters reacting with aluminous rocks at surface or near-surface conditions.
Type Occurrence of Variscite
Synonyms of Variscite
Other Language Names for Variscite
Varieties of Variscite
| Ferrian Variscite | An iron-bearing variety of variscite. Formed by the action of phosphatic solutions derived from guano on aluminous igneous rocks. |
| Gelvariscite | A gel or colloidal form of Variscite |
| Redondite | Contains Fe''' in substitution for Al. |
Relationship of Variscite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Variscite Group:
| Mansfieldite | AlAsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| Yanomamite | InAsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 224 photos of Variscite associated with Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 194 photos of Variscite associated with Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 167 photos of Variscite associated with Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 80 photos of Variscite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 46 photos of Variscite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 42 photos of Variscite associated with Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| 42 photos of Variscite associated with Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| 40 photos of Variscite associated with Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 30 photos of Variscite associated with Metavariscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 28 photos of Variscite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CD. | Castellaroite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD. | Sergeysmirnovite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Metavariscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Bonacinaite | Sc(AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Kolbeckite | ScPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Yanomamite | InAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Mansfieldite | AlAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.15 | Parascorodite | FeAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.20 | Ludlamite | Fe2+3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.25 | Sterlinghillite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.CD.30 | Rollandite | Cu3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.35 | Liversidgeite | Zn6(PO4)4 · 7H2O |
| 8.CD.40 | Thorasphite | Th2H(PO4,AsO4)3 · 6H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in alkalies. Slightly soluble in HCl (fine-grained or chalcedonic material).
Easily altered by alkaline solutions containing alkaline earths or alkalies, yielding secondary minerals including crandallite, wardite, Montgomeryite, etc.
Easily altered by alkaline solutions containing alkaline earths or alkalies, yielding secondary minerals including crandallite, wardite, Montgomeryite, etc.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Gemstones & jewelry.
Internet Links for Variscite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4156.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Variscite
Reference List:
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies Vol. 4. Library Polytechnique, Paris. pp.480-481 - Pisani analysis
McConnell, Duncan (1940) Clinobarrandite and the isodimorphous series, variscite-metavariscite. American Mineralogist, 25 (11) 719-725
Larsen, Esper S., 3d, (1942) The mineralogy and paragenesis of the variscite nodules from near Fairfield, Utah, Part 1. American Mineralogist, 27 (4) 281-300
Kniep, R., Mootz, D., Vegas, A. (1977) Variscite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 33 (1) 263-265 doi:10.1107/s056774087700329x
Druppel, K., Hosch, A., Franz, G. (2007) The system Al2O3-P2O5-H2O at temperatures below 200 °C: Experimental data on the stability of variscite and metavariscite AlPO4.2H2O. American Mineralogist, 92 (10). 1695-1703 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2487
Gomez, Mario A., Le Berre, Jean-Francois, Assaaoudi, Hassane, Demopoulos, George P. (2011) Raman spectroscopic study of the hydrogen and arsenate bonding environment in isostructural synthetic arsenates of the variscite group-M3+AsO4·2H2O (M3+ = Fe, Al, In and Ga): implications for arsenic release in water. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 42 (1). 62-71 doi:10.1002/jrs.2639
Kloprogge, J. Theo, Wood, Barry J. (2017) X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Raman microscopic investigation of the variscite group minerals: Variscite, strengite, scorodite and mansfieldite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 185. 163-172 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.042
Ilyushin, G. D., Blatov, V. A. (2017) Symmetry and topology code of the cluster self-assembly of framework MT structures of alumophosphates AlPO4(H2O)2 (metavariscite and variscite) and Al2(PO4)2(H2O)3 (APC) Crystallography Reports, 62 (2) 174-184 doi:10.1134/s1063774517010084
Kolitsch, Uwe, Weil, Matthias, Kovrugin, Vadim M., Krivovichev, Sergey V. (2020) Crystal chemistry of the variscite and metavariscite groups: Crystal structures of synthetic CrAsO4⋅2H2O, TlPO4⋅2H2O, MnSeO4⋅2H2O, CdSeO4⋅2H2O and natural bonacinaite, ScAsO4⋅2H2O. Mineralogical Magazine, 84 (4) 568-583 doi:10.1180/mgm.2020.57
Localities for Variscite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antigua and Barbuda | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
Argentina | |
| Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Trueman (1965) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64 (5) |
| Podgson RE |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Murray (1973) |
| Dion Glastra M. collection |
| Duggan et al. (1990) |
| Duggan et al. (1990) | |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Frost et al. (2004) |
| Australian Journal of Mineralogy ... |
| https://www.mindat.org/photo-23169.html +1 other reference |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Francis et al. (2012) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| W.D.Birch & D.A.Henry 1993. Phosphate ... |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Downes et al. (2002) |
| Downes et al. (2006) | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Peter Downes et al. (2018) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 39 (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) | |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) | |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
| Nickel (2008) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Simpson (1932) +1 other reference | |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (1996) |
| Niedermayr (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Postl W et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Fransolet (1987) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
Botswana | |
| Kelepile (2017) |
Brazil | |
| Sauer (1982) |
| Rui Nunes December 2010 | |
| Sioeira et al. (1982) |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Menezes (n.d.) |
| Collection from Elmar Lackner. New find ... +1 other reference |
| Field Trip Guide +1 other reference | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| Robinson (1993) | |
| 531 p +6 other references |
| Piló et al. (2023) |
| Santos et al. (2016) |
| Murdoch (1955) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
Canada | |
| Can Min vol 25 pp 221-226 (1987) |
| Maggie Wilson |
Cape Verde | |
| Figueiredo +3 other references |
Chile | |
| XRD and SEM-EDS by Igor V. Pekov |
| Velasco et al. (2020) |
China | |
| Zhaolin Li et al. (1983) |
| Xunyi Wang (1982) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Anthony +1 other reference |
| Hunan 230 Laboratory et al. (1976) | |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985) |
| Mangen Li et al. (2007) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Keqiao Chen et al. (1981) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2001) |
Colombia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Vrtiška et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš +4 other references |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2018) |
| Černý P. et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Zepharovich (1867) | |
| Vrtiška et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Pauliš +1 other reference |
| Janouš +4 other references |
| Sejkora et al. (2011) |
| Houzar S.: Přehled minerálů z ... |
| Vrtiška et al. (2017) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
| ... |
| Nasraoui et al. (1999) |
| Mills et al. (2010) |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
France | |
| Frank de Wit collection +1 other reference |
| Chlooet Pascal collection |
| Luigi Chiappino collection |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pirard et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| GAYRAUD (2010) |
| Lukas (1978) +2 other references |
Germany | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2012) |
| Dill et al. (2011) |
| Mücke et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Dill et al. (2008) | |
| Meier (2005) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| XRD and SEM-EDS by Gerhard Möhn and ... |
| Blaß et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| 86. +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Journ.prakt.Chem. (1837) +2 other references |
| Kasiske et al. (2003) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) | |
| Pestel et al. (2007) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Loc. |
Iceland | |
| Carson (2015) |
Iran | |
| Yaghubpur et al. (1997) |
Ireland | |
| |
Israel | |
| Weiner et al. (1993) |
Italy | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Marini et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Marini et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Pelloux (1912) +5 other references |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Senesi F. (Valdicastello Carducci, Lucca) |
Japan | |
| Ito (1975) |
| Takashi Yamada et al. (1999) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Matsubara et al. (1998) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Ankinovich et al. (1997) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2009) |
Liberia | |
| a reconnaissance report. USGS Bulletin ... +1 other reference |
Malaysia | |
| Matthew Low collection | |
| Matthew Low collection |
| McFarlane et al. (2018) |
| Bridge et al. (1983) | |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
Mali | |
| Gineste (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Forti (2006) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Neves et al. (1968) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Der Aufschluss 36:117-119 | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Peru | |
| Hyrśl (2012) |
Philippines | |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
| Choa et al. (2014) |
Poland | |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
| Personally collected by Zając Piotr in ... |
| Gucwa +3 other references | |
Portugal | |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins ... |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Self-find by Nuno Afonso +1 other reference |
| PROSPEG – Projecto de prospecção +1 other reference |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Dias P et al. (2014) |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (2005) |
| Onac (2009) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Rychagov et al. (2017, November) |
Rwanda | |
| F. Hatert et al. (PO4) +1 other reference |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
| Bertossa |
Senegal | |
| Gineste et al. (2005) |
Seychelles | |
| Baker (1963) | |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Martini (1997) |
| Martini et al. (1978) |
| B. Cairncross photo ID 1055123 |
| Miller et al. (2016) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Arribas +3 other references | |
| F. Costa et al. |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| Bareche (2005) | |
| Bosch +6 other references | |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| J L Bravo collection |
| Joan Rosell - Carles Gili |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Marc C collection |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Joan Rosell (02/2016) |
| J. Rosell (02/2016) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sudan | |
| Abdelmajid et al. (2014) |
Sweden | |
| Bjällerud (1989) +1 other reference |
Taiwan | |
| James Huang |
Tajikistan | |
| Likhachov et al. (eds.) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Weiss (1994) | |
| Young (1988) +1 other reference |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Ian Jones collection |
Uruguay | |
| Eckel et al. (1953) |
USA | |
| Brighton Alfred Collection. |
| Hollabaugh et al. (1989) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| Rocks & Minerals (2010) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:296. | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| Howard +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:190. |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:112. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 113. +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. |
| Murdoch (1966) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Denicourt +1 other reference |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Jason Smith & M.E. Ciriotti (2005) |
| Barwood (1999) +1 other reference |
| Ream (2004) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference | |
| Upper Advance Adit +1 other reference | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Rockpick Legend specimen | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Dr. Tony Kampf of the Los Angeles ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Kampf et al. (2016) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Ross (1961) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968) | |
| personal referernce |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Bull 723 +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Mason (1976) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Indentified by EDS |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| - (1977) |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Grant (Apr, 1973) +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1925) +1 other reference |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Loomis (2011) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| R&M 72:4 pp 268-270 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Shubat (1988) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Gruner (1959) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| American Mineralogist 27:443 +2 other references |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| - (2005) | |
| Wilson (2010) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Mitchell et al. (2) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.: 57:20-22 & 60:168. |
| Hawley (1934) |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Solodov et al. (2001) |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
Venezuela | |
| Shepard (1877) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
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Little Green Monster Variscite Mine, Clay Canyon, Fairfield, Sunshine Mining District, Utah County, Utah, USA