Serandite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Serandite
Formula:
NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH)
Colour:
Pale pink, salmon-red, salmon-orange, deep orange, rose-red, brown, colourless
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
3.34
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1931 by Antoine François Alfred Lacroix after J.M. Serand, lighthouse keeper of the Island of Roume, Los Islands, Guinea, who assisted in collecting the mineral and who, coincidentally, had a rosy pink complexion.
The name was modified in 2015 from sérandite to serandite by IMA approval 15-E.
The name was modified in 2015 from sérandite to serandite by IMA approval 15-E.
Pectolite-Serandite Series. The manganese analogue of pectolite and the sodium analogue of tanohataite. Part of serandite-schizolite-pectolite series.
Note: Many of the lighter pink "serandites" are schizolite. They can't be sorted visually. None of the deep orange serandites are schizolite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Serandite.
Note: Many of the lighter pink "serandites" are schizolite. They can't be sorted visually. None of the deep orange serandites are schizolite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Serandite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3622
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3622:7
IMA Classification of Serandite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1931
Classification of Serandite
9.DG.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
G : Inosilicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
G : Inosilicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains
65.2.1.5
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
2 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=3
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
2 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=3
14.18.27
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
18 : Silicates of Mn and Na, K, Mg, Ca or Fe
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
18 : Silicates of Mn and Na, K, Mg, Ca or Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Srd | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Serandite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Fibrous aggregates are dull to silky
Colour:
Pale pink, salmon-red, salmon-orange, deep orange, rose-red, brown, colourless
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {001} and {100}
On {001} and {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Density:
3.34 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.42 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Serandite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.668 nβ = 1.671 nγ = 1.703
2V:
Measured: 39° , Calculated: 39°
Birefringence:
0.035
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.035
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v moderate
Chemistry of Serandite
Mindat Formula:
NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Mg,K,H2O
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| P2O5 | 0.01 % |
| SiO2 | 49.82 % |
| MnO | 38.99 % |
| MgO | 0.01 % |
| CaO | 0.62 % |
| SrO | 0.02 % |
| Na2O | 8.42 % |
| H2O (by stoichiometry) | 2.49 % |
| Total: | 100.38 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Na0.98Ca0.02)(Mn2+0.98Ca0.02)Mn2+1.00[Si2.99O8](OH) |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Woods Mine, Inglis Co., New South Wales, Australia | Bands of euhedral serandite crystals with contained rounded relict(?) grains of vittinkiite, accompanying natronambulite(?), in a matrix of abundant quartz, braunite and mangano-mangani-ungarettiite. The distribution of the minor Ca content is estimated based on site filling and has not been verified by structural analysis. H2O is calculated based on stoichiometry. |
Crystallography of Serandite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Setting:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.683(1) Å, b = 6.889(1) Å, c = 6.747(1) Å
α = 90.53(5)°, β = 94.12(2)°, γ = 102.75(2)°
α = 90.53(5)°, β = 94.12(2)°, γ = 102.75(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.115 : 1 : 0.979
Unit Cell V:
347.29 Ă
Âł (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Blocky prismatic to acicular crystals.
Twinning:
Around [010] composition plane {100}, less commonly contact twin on {110}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000499 | Serandite | Takeuchi Y, Kudoh Y, Yamanaka T (1976) Crystal chemistry of the serandite-pectolite series and related minerals American Mineralogist 61 229-237 |  | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000623 | Serandite | Ohashi Y, Finger L W (1978) The role of octahedral cations in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. I. Bustamite, wollastonite, and the pectolite-schizolite-serandite series sample SRN, from Rouma, Island of Los, Guinea American Mineralogist 63 274-288 | | 1978 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002430 | Serandite | Jacobsen S D, Smyth J R, Swope R J, Sheldon R I (2000) Two proton positions in the very strong hydrogen bond of serandite, NaMn2[Si3O8(OH)] American Mineralogist 85 745-752 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002431 | Serandite | Jacobsen S D, Smyth J R, Swope R J, Sheldon R I (2000) Two proton positions in the very strong hydrogen bond of serandite, NaMn2[Si3O8(OH)] American Mineralogist 85 745-752 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020402 | Serandite | Williams E R, Weller M T (2014) A variable-temperature neutron diffraction study of serandite: A Mn-silicate framework with a very strong, two-proton site, hydrogen bond American Mineralogist 99 1755-1760 | 2014 | Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 4 | |
| 0020403 | Serandite | Williams E R, Weller M T (2014) A variable-temperature neutron diffraction study of serandite: A Mn-silicate framework with a very strong, two-proton site, hydrogen bond American Mineralogist 99 1755-1760 | 2014 | Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 150 | |
| 0020404 | Serandite | Williams E R, Weller M T (2014) A variable-temperature neutron diffraction study of serandite: A Mn-silicate framework with a very strong, two-proton site, hydrogen bond American Mineralogist 99 1755-1760 | 2014 | Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 298 | |
| 0020405 | Serandite | Williams E R, Weller M T (2014) A variable-temperature neutron diffraction study of serandite: A Mn-silicate framework with a very strong, two-proton site, hydrogen bond American Mineralogist 99 1755-1760 | 2014 | Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 575 | |
| 0020406 | Serandite | Williams E R, Weller M T (2014) A variable-temperature neutron diffraction study of serandite: A Mn-silicate framework with a very strong, two-proton site, hydrogen bond American Mineralogist 99 1755-1760 | 2014 | Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec, Canada | 0 | 800 | |
| 0010758 | Serandite | Takeuchi Y, Kudoh Y, Haga N (1973) The interpretation of partial Patterson functions and its application to structure analyses of serandite Mn2NaHSi3O9 and banalsite BaNa2Al4Si4O16 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 313-336 | | 1973 | Tanohata mine, Japan | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.51 Ă | (25) |
| 3.158 Ă | (90) |
| 2.983 Ă | (100) |
| 2.838 Ă | (65) |
| 2.602 Ă | (35) |
| 2.495 Ă | (45) |
| 2.192 Ă | (60) |
Comments:
ICDD 25-723
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-đ alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
In sodalite zenoliths and pegmatites, phonolite, contact metamorphic rocks.
Type Occurrence of Serandite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Pink bladed mineral.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, D.C., USA, number 96515.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Alkalic pegmatite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Serandite
Japanese:ă»ă©ăłçł
Russian:ĐĄĐ”ŃĐ°ĐœĐŽĐžŃ
Simplified Chinese:éé é°çł
æĄéé çł
æĄéé çł
Spanish:SĂ©randita
Traditional Chinese:éééłçł
æĄééçł
æĄééçł
Varieties of Serandite
| Calcium-bearing SĂ©randite | A variety of Sérandite especially rich in calcium. Most Sérandite contains some calcium. |
Relationship of Serandite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Wollastonite Group:
| Barrydawsonite-(Y) | Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O8(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Cascandite | CaScSi3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 |
| Dalnegorskite | Ca5Mn(Si3O9)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) | Tric. 1 |
| Mendigite | Mn2Mn2MnCa(Si3O9)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Murakamiite | LiCa2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Tanohataite | LiMn2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Vistepite | SnMn4B2Si4O16(OH)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 335 photos of Serandite associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 221 photos of Serandite associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
| 142 photos of Serandite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 132 photos of Serandite associated with Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 111 photos of Serandite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 66 photos of Serandite associated with Manganoneptunite | KNa2Li(Mn2+)2Ti2[Si4O12]2 |
| 64 photos of Serandite associated with Leucophanite | NaCaBeSi2O6F |
| 61 photos of Serandite associated with Ussingite | Na2AlSi3O8OH |
| 55 photos of Serandite associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 54 photos of Serandite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DG. | Barrydawsonite-(Y) | Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG. | Paratobermorite | Ca5AlSi5O16(OH) · 5H2O |
| 9.DG. | Calcinaksite | KNaCa(Si4O10) · H2O |
| 9.DG. | Alvesite | NaKZrSi6O15 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.02 | Steedeite | NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2 |
| 9.DG.02 | Nolzeite | NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.05 | Murakamiite | LiCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) |
| 9.DG.05 | Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Tanohataite | LiMn2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Dalnegorskite | Ca5Mn(Si3O9)2 |
| 9.DG.05 | Wollastonite-1A | CaSiO3 |
| 9.DG.05 | Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| 9.DG.05 | Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| 9.DG.05 | Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.07 | Cascandite | CaScSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.08 | PlombiÚrite | Ca5Si6O16(OH)2 · 7H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Clinotobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Riversideite | Ca5Si6O16(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Tobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.12 | Jusite | Na2Ca15Al4Si16O54 · 17H2O |
| 9.DG.12 | Kenotobermorite | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.15 | Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.20 | Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| 9.DG.20 | Kamenevite | K2TiSi3O9 · H2O |
| 9.DG.25 | Paraumbite | K3Zr2H(Si3O9)2 · nH2O |
| 9.DG.25 | Umbite | K2(Zr,Ti)Si3O9 · H2O |
| 9.DG.30 | SĂžrensenite | Na4SnBe2Si6O16(OH)4 |
| 9.DG.32 | Escheite | Ca2NaMnTi5[Si12O34]O2(OH)3 · 12H2O |
| 9.DG.35 | Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.40 | Hillebrandite | Ca2(SiO3)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.45 | Zorite | Na8(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5 · 14H2O |
| 9.DG.45 | Chivruaiite | Ca4(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5 · 13-14H2O |
| 9.DG.50 | Haineaultite | (Na,Ca)5Ca(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,F)8 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.55 | Epididymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 9.DG.60 | Eudidymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 9.DG.65 | Elpidite | Na2ZrSi6O15 · 3H2O |
| 9.DG.65 | Patynite | NaKCa4[Si9O23] |
| 9.DG.67 | Whelanite | Cu2+2Ca6[Si6O17(OH)](CO3)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.70 | Enricofrancoite | KNaCaSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.70 | Yusupovite | Na2Zr(Si6O15) · 2.5H2O |
| 9.DG.70 | Litidionite | KNaCuSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.70 | Fenaksite | (K,Na)4(Fe,Mn)2(Si4O10)2(OH,F) |
| 9.DG.70 | Manaksite | KNaMnSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.75 | Senkevichite | CsKNaCa2TiO[Si7O18](OH) |
| 9.DG.75 | Tinaksite | K2Na(Ca,Mn2+)2TiO[Si7O18(OH)] |
| 9.DG.75 | Tokkoite | K2Ca4[Si7O18(OH)](OH,F) |
| 9.DG.80 | Fluorcanasite | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F4 · H2O |
| 9.DG.80 | Canasite | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30(OH)4 |
| 9.DG.85 | Miserite | K1.5-x(Ca,Y,REE)5(Si6O15)(Si2O7)(OH,F)2 · yH2O |
| 9.DG.90 | Frankamenite | K3Na3Ca5(Si12O30)(F,OH)4 · H2O |
| 9.DG.92 | Charoite | (K,Sr)15-16(Ca,Na)32[Si6O11(O,OH)6]2[Si12O18(O,OH)12]2[Si17O25(O,OH)18]2(OH,F)4 · ~3H2O |
| 9.DG.95 | Yuksporite | K4(Ca,Na)14(Sr,Ba)2(â»,Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb)4(O,OH)4(Si6O17)2(Si2O7)3(H2O,OH)3 |
| 9.DG.97 | Eveslogite | (Na,K,Ca,Sr,Ba)48 [(Ti,Nb,Mn,Fe2+)12Si48O144(OH)12](F,OH,Cl)14 |
Fluorescence of Serandite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Serandite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3622.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Serandite
Reference List:
Schaller, Waldemar T. (1955) The pectolite-schizolite-serandite series. American Mineralogist, 40 (11-12) 1022-1031
Manning, P. G. (1968) Absorption spectra of the manganese-bearing chain silicates pyroxmangite, rhodonite, bustamite and serandite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 9 (3) 348-357
Takéuchi, Yoshio, Kudoh, Yasuhiro, Yamanaka, Takamitsu (1976) Crystal chemistry of the serandite-pectolite series and related minerals. American Mineralogist, 61 (3-4) 229-237
MĂŒller, Wolfgang Friedrich (1976) On stacking disorder and polytypism in pectolite and serandite. Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie, 144 (1). 401-408 doi:10.1524/zkri.1976.144.1-6.401
Ohashi, Yoshikazu, Finger, Larry W. (1978) The role of octahedral cations in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. I. Bustamite, wollastonite, and the pectolite-schizolite-serandite series. American Mineralogist, 63 (3-4) 274-288
Liebau, Friedrich (1980) The role of cationic hydrogen in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. American Mineralogist, 65 (9-10) 981-985
Hammer, Vera M. F., Libowitzky, Eugen, Rossman, George R. (1998) Single-crystal IR spectroscopy of very strong hydrogen bonds in pectolite, NaCa2[Si3O8(OH)], and serandite, NaMn2[Si3O8(OH)]. American Mineralogist, 83 (5) 569-576 doi:10.2138/am-1998-5-617
Jacobsen, Steven D., Smyth, Joseph R., Swope, R. Jeffrey, Sheldon, Robert I. (2000) Two proton positions in the very strong hydrogen bond of serandite, NaMn2[Si3O8(OH)]. American Mineralogist, 85 (5) 745-752 doi:10.2138/am-2000-5-613
Nagashima, Mariko, Imaoka, Teruyoshi, Fukuda, Chihiro, Pettke, Thomas (2018) Relationship between cation substitution and hydrogen-bond system in hydrous pyroxenoids with three-periodic single-chain of SiO4 tetrahedra: pectolite, murakamiite, marshallsussmanite, serandite and tanohataite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (3) 451-463 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2744
Ye, Yu, Li, Long, Smyth, Joseph R., Wang, Zhongping, Liu, Dan, Wang, Xiang, Wang, Cao (2019) High-temperature X-ray diffraction, Raman and IR spectroscopy on serandite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 46 (7) 705-715 doi:10.1007/s00269-019-01032-2
Localities for Serandite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Mandarino (1996) +1 other reference |
| Kawachi et al. (1996) |
| Johns-Mead et al. (2024) |
| Carr |
Brazil | |
| Biondi et al. (2020) |
| Azzi (2019) |
| Azzi (2019) +1 other reference | |
| 1995 +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Boissonnault et al. (1964) +2 other references |
| HorvĂĄth et al. (1998) |
| HorvĂĄth et al. (1998) | |
China | |
| |
Guinea | |
| Biagioni et al. (2012) |
| Lacroix (1931) | |
| a magmatic marker of the evolution of the Central and Equatorial Atlantic. The Canadian Mineralogist (2) +3 other references |
Hungary | |
| collector: Csaba Papp |
| www.geomania.hu | |
India | |
| Chakrabarty et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Palenzona et al. (1990) |
| Biagioni C. (Alpi Apuane, Lucca) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Wilfried Steffens: "The Eudialyte Homepage" www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/other.htm (where it is erroneously assumed to be related to alkaline igneous rocks) |
| Am Min 61:3-4 pp 229-237 +2 other references |
| Matsubara et al. (2010) | |
| Matsubara et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| www.mineral-forum.com (n.d.) |
Namibia | |
| Prof. Friedrich Koller (chemical analyses on thin sections) +3 other references |
| Dunn (1991) |
Norway | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2004) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Ju et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| V. Grishin collection | |
| Pekov et al. (2001) | |
| Pekov (1998) +3 other references | |
| Pekov et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2011) | |
| Pekov et al. (2013) | |
| Pekov (1998) |
South Africa | |
| Mitchell et al. (2004) |
| Moore et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Pohl et al. (1991) |
| Costin et al. (2015) |
| Costin et al. (2014) | |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (2019) |
Ukraine | |
| Sharygin (2015) |
USA | |
| Howard (2007) |
| Smith (1988) +1 other reference |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) | |
| Wise et al. (1977) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:60:229. |
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Poudrette quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada