Warwickite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Orange County Mineral Society
About Warwickite
Formula:
(Mg,Ti,Fe,Al)2O(BO3)
Colour:
Dark brown, grey to black; coppery tinge on cleavage at times; reddish brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
3.34 - 3.36
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named after its discovery locality, Warwick, Orange County, New York, USA
Type Locality:
Initially found as small, rough, prismatic crystals in white Franklin marble.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4245
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4245:7
IMA Classification of Warwickite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Mg,Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)2O(BO3)
First published:
1838
Classification of Warwickite
6.AB.20
6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
24.2.2.1
24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
9.6.1
9 : Borates
6 : Borates of Ti, Sn and Ta
9 : Borates
6 : Borates of Ti, Sn and Ta
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Wwk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Warwickite
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
submetallic on cleavages, commonly dull if altered.
Colour:
Dark brown, grey to black; coppery tinge on cleavage at times; reddish brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Bluish black
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {100} good.
On {100} good.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.34 - 3.36 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.40 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Warwickite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.806(5) nβ = 1.809(5) nγ = 1.830(5)
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.024
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Optical Extinction:
X = c; Y = b; Z = a.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Yellow brown; Y = Reddish brown; Z = Cinnamon brown
Comments:
Absorption: X > Y > Z.
Chemistry of Warwickite
Mindat Formula:
(Mg,Ti,Fe,Al)2O(BO3)
Common Impurities:
Cr
Crystallography of Warwickite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.14(11) Å, b = 9.40(5) Å, c = 3.07(6) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.972 : 1 : 0.327
Unit Cell V:
263.76 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Slender prismatic crystals, terminations rounded.
Comment:
Space group Pnam (non-standard setting).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000417 | Warwickite | Moore P B, Araki T (1974) Pinakiolite, Mg2MnO2[BO3]; warwickite, Mg(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O[BO3]; wightmanite, Mg5(O)(OH)5[BO3].nH2O: Crystal chemistry of complex 3 Angstrom wallpaper structures American Mineralogist 59 985-1004 |  | 1974 | Warwick, Orange County, New York, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.57 Å | (100) |
| 2.75 Å | (50) |
| 6.55 Å | (40) |
| 4.20 Å | (40) |
| 2.97 Å | (30) |
| 1.979 Å | (30) |
| 1.721 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Edenville, New York, USA. Data from Thompson and Gower (1954).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Warwickite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Small dark grey to blackish prismatic crystals in white crystalline marble
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 74217, 99697; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 128712.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Occurs in a metamorphosed, crystalline, Precambrian marble (the Franklin Marble).
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Warwickite
Other Language Names for Warwickite
Relationship of Warwickite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Warwickite Group:
| Yuanfuliite | Mg(Fe3+,Al)O(BO3) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 12 photos of Warwickite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 11 photos of Warwickite associated with Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| 9 photos of Warwickite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
| 8 photos of Warwickite associated with Armalcolite-Pseudobrookite Series | |
| 6 photos of Warwickite associated with Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
| 5 photos of Warwickite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 5 photos of Warwickite associated with Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 5 photos of Warwickite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 5 photos of Warwickite associated with Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 3 photos of Warwickite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 6.AB. | Chubarovite | KZn2(BO3)Cl2 |
| 6.AB. | Rhabdoborite-(Mo) | Mg12Mo6+1.33O6(BO3)6F2 |
| 6.AB.05 | Hambergite | Be2(BO3)(OH) |
| 6.AB.10 | Berborite | Be2(BO3)(OH,F) · H2O |
| 6.AB.15 | Jeremejevite | Al6(BO3)5(F,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.20 | Yuanfuliite | Mg(Fe3+,Al)O(BO3) |
| 6.AB.25 | Karlite | (Mg,Al)6.5(BO3)3(OH)4(◻,Cl)0.5 |
| 6.AB.30 | Marinaite | Cu2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.30 | Savelievaite | Mg2Cr3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.30 | Fredrikssonite | Mg2(Mn3+,Fe3+)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Vonsenite | Fe2+2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Ludwigite | Mg2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Azoproite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Ti,Mg)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Bonaccordite | Ni2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.35 | Folvikite | Sb5+Mn3+(Mg,Mn2+)10O8(BO3)4 |
| 6.AB.35 | Pinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Takéuchiite | (Mg,Mn2+)2(Mn3+,Fe3+)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Blatterite | Sb5+3(Mn3+,Fe3+)9(Mn2+,Mg)35(BO3)16O32 |
| 6.AB.40 | Orthopinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Chestermanite | Mg2(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Sb3+)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.45 | Aluminomagnesiohulsite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Al,Mg,Sn)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.45 | Hulsite | Fe2+2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.45 | Magnesiohulsite | Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.50 | Fluoborite | Mg3(BO3)(F,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.50 | Hydroxylborite | Mg3(BO3)(OH)3 |
| 6.AB.55 | Shabynite | Mg5(BO3)(OH)5(Cl,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 6.AB.55 | Wightmanite | Mg5(BO3)O(OH)5 · 2H2O |
| 6.AB.60 | Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.65 | Sakhaite | Ca48Mg16(BO3)32(CO3)16 · 2(H2O,HCl) |
| 6.AB.70 | Harkerite | Ca48Mg16[AlSi4O15(OH)]4(BO3)16(CO3)16 · 2(H2O,HCl) |
| 6.AB.75 | Pertsevite-(F) | Mg2(BO3)(F,OH) |
| 6.AB.75 | Pertsevite-(OH) | Mg2(BO3)(OH) |
| 6.AB.80 | Jacquesdietrichite | Cu2(H2BO3)(OH)3 |
| 6.AB.85 | Rhabdoborite-(V) | Mg12(V5+,Mo6+,W6+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1) |
| 6.AB.85 | Rhabdoborite-(W) | Mg12(W6+,V5+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} |
| 6.AB.85 | Painite | CaZrAl9(BO3)O15 |
| 6.AB.90 | Mengxianminite | (Ca,Na)2Sn2(Mg,Fe)3Al8[(BO3)(BeO4)O6]2 |
Other Information
Notes:
Decomposed in sulfuric acid.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Warwickite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4245.html
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References for Warwickite
Reference List:
Lacroix, Alfred (1886) Propriétés optiques de la warwickite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 9 (3) 74-75 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1886.1982
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.156
Takéuchi, Y., Watanabé, T., Ito, T. (1950) The crystal structures of warwickite, ludwigite and pinakiolite. Acta Crystallographica, 3 (2) 98-107 doi:10.1107/s0365110x50000252
Bertaut, E. F. (1950) Structures des boroferrites. Acta Crystallographica, 3 (6) 473-474 doi:10.1107/s0365110x50001312
Moore, Paul Brian, Araki, and Takaharu (1974) Pinakiolite, Mg2Mn3+O2[BO3]; warwickite, Mg(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O[BO3]; wightmanite, Mg5(O)(OH)5[BO3]·nH2O: Crystal chemistry of complex 3 Å wallpaper structures. American Mineralogist, 59 (9-10) 985-1004
Localities for Warwickite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Kwak et al. (1988) |
Canada | |
| 162-165. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1982) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greenland | |
| Uitterdijk Appel (1997) |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
North Korea | |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2007) |
| Nordrum (2007) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Shevko et al. (2019, September) |
| Schreyer et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Dr. Cesar Menor Salván |
| Christophe Boutry collection |
Tanzania | |
| Bowden et al. (1969) |
USA | |
| Volkert (2005) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Robinson et al. (2007) | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Shepard +2 other references | |
| Lupulescu et al. (2013) |
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Edenville, Town of Warwick, Orange County, New York, USA