Posnjakite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Posnjakite
Eugene W. Posnjak
Formula:
Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · H2O
Colour:
Sky-blue to dark-blue, may be slightly greenish-blue.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2 - 3
Specific Gravity:
3.32
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1967 by A. I. Komkov and E. I. Nefedov in honour of Eugene Waldemar Posnjak (23 June 1888, Moscow, Russia - 31 July 1949, Santa Barbara, California), U.S. geochemist at the Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, U.S.A., who investigated the system CuO-SO3-H2O.
A copper sulphate hydrate that generally forms at low temperatures (Yoder et al., 2007). Compare also wroewolfeite.
Certain habits are easily confused with the closely related langite.
Certain habits are easily confused with the closely related langite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3265
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3265:6
IMA Classification of Posnjakite
Approved
First published:
1967
Classification of Posnjakite
7.DD.10
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
31.4.1.1
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)4(XO4)Zq·xH2O
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)4(XO4)Zq·xH2O
25.2.8
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pnk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Posnjakite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Sky-blue to dark-blue, may be slightly greenish-blue.
Streak:
Pale-blue.
Hardness:
2 - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Density:
3.32 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.35 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Posnjakite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.625 nβ = 1.680 nγ = 1.706
2V:
Measured: 57° , Calculated: 66°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.081
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v moderate
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = bluish to colorless, Y = blue to dark blue, Z = greenish blue to blue.
Comments:
Absorption: Y >> Z > X.
Chemistry of Posnjakite
Mindat Formula:
Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Posnjakite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Space Group:
Pm
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.578(5) Å, b = 6.345(3) Å, c = 7.863(3) Å
β = 117.98(5)°
β = 117.98(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.667 : 1 : 1.239
Unit Cell V:
466.06 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Thin rhombic plates; dominant {101} with {110}, {111}, {010}, {231}, {001}, {323} and {100}. Prismatic; dominant {100}, {010} with {001}, and {101}.
Twinning:
Frequent on (110).
Comment:
Reduced cell is 6.345, 7.863, 9.781 A, 107.247, 90, 89.999°.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010806 | Posnjakite | Mellini M, Merlino S (1979) Posnjakite: [Cu4(OH)6(H2O)O] octahedral sheets in its structure Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 149 249-257 |  | 1979 | Fowey Consols, England | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.0 Å | (100) |
| 3.46 Å | (80) |
| 2.70 Å | (70) |
| 2.61 Å | (70) |
| 2.41 Å | (70) |
| 2.015 Å | (70) |
| 1.538 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Type Occurrence of Posnjakite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Small grains, small tabular crystals up to 0.2-0.5 mm., and as films on fissures in quartz and fluorite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1386/1.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Secondary mineral from oxidized chalcopyrite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Posnjakite
Other Language Names for Posnjakite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 48 photos of Posnjakite associated with Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 44 photos of Posnjakite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 31 photos of Posnjakite associated with Devilline | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 25 photos of Posnjakite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 19 photos of Posnjakite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 13 photos of Posnjakite associated with Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S |
| 10 photos of Posnjakite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 10 photos of Posnjakite associated with Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 10 photos of Posnjakite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 9 photos of Posnjakite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DD. | Asagiite | NiCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.05 | Felsőbányaite | Al4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.07 | Llantenesite | Cu6Al[SeO4](OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Fehrite | MgCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Wroewolfeite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Gobelinite | CoCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Kobyashevite | Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Spangolite | Cu6Al(SO4)(OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline) | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.20 | Ktenasite | ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.25 | Christelite | Cu2Zn3(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Edwardsite | Cu3Cd2(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Niedermayrite | CdCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Serpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Campigliaite | Mn2+Cu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Orthoserpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Devilline | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincaluminite | (Zn1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincowoodwardite | Zn1-xAlx(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Natroglaucocerinite | Zn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrowoodwardite | (Cu1-xAlx)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Honessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Carrboydite | (Ni1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Glaucocerinite | (Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Wermlandite | Mg7Al2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Nikischerite | Fe2+6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrohonessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Woodwardite | Cu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Motukoreaite | Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Mountkeithite | [(Mg1-xFe3+x)(OH)2][SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Lawsonbauerite | (Mn2+,Mg)9Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Torreyite | (Mg,Mn2+)7◻2Mn2+2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Isselite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10(H2O)4 · H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Mooreite | Mg9◻2Mn2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)26 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Hodgesmithite | (Cu,Zn)6Zn(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.47 | Lahnsteinite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Namuwite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Minohlite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.52 | Lauraniite | Cu6Cd2(SO4)2(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.55 | Bechererite | Zn7Cu(OH)13[(SiO(OH)3(SO4)] |
| 7.DD.60 | Ramsbeckite | (Cu,Zn)15(SO4)4(OH)22 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.65 | Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.70 | Redgillite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Nickelalumite | NiAl4(SO4)(OH)12(H2O)3 |
| 7.DD.75 | Kyrgyzstanite | ZnAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Chalcoalumite | CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | UM1992-30-SO:CCuHZn | (Zn,Cu)7(SO4,CO3)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Thérèsemagnanite | NaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Guarinoite | Zn6(SO4)(OH)10 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.85 | Montetrisaite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · 2H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Insoluble in ammonia. When heated, gives off water, darkens, and melts to a dark enamel.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Posnjakite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3265.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
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References for Posnjakite
Reference List:
Knight, J. R., Barstow, R. W. (1970) Posnjakite from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine, 37 (290) 740 doi:10.1180/minmag.1970.037.290.19
Mellini, M., Merlino, S. (1979) Posnjakite: 2∞[Cu4(OH)6(H2O)O] octahedral sheets in its structure. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 149 (14) 249-257 doi:10.1524/zkri.1979.149.14.249
Dunn, P. J., Fleischer, M., Chao, G. Y., Cabri, L. J., Mandarino, J. A. (1983) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 68 (11-12) 1248-1252
Martens, Wayde, Frost, Ray L., Kloprogge, J. Theo, Williams, Peter A. (2003) Raman spectroscopic study of the basic copper sulphates - implications for copper corrosion and 'bronze disease'. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34 (2) 145-151 doi:10.1002/jrs.969
Yoder, C. H., Agee, T. M., Ginion, K. E., Hofmann, A. E., Ewanichak, J. E., Schaeffer, C. D., Carroll, M. J., Schaeffer, R. W., McCaffrey, P. F. (2007) The relative stabilities of the copper hydroxyl sulphates. Mineralogical Magazine, 71 (5) 571-577 doi:10.1180/minmag.2007.071.5.571
Zittlau, Arne H., Shi, Quan, Boerio-Goates, Juliana, Woodfield, Brian F., Majzlan, Juraj (2013) Thermodynamics of the basic copper sulfates antlerite, posnjakite, and brochantite. Geochemistry, 73 (1) 39-50 doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2012.12.002
Pracejus, Bernhard, Al-Ansari, Aliya, Al-Battashi, Huda (2017) Cyanobacterial mineralisation of posnjakite (Cu4(SO4)(OH)6·H2O) in Cu-rich acid mine drainage at Yanqul, northern Oman. Geochemistry, 77 (3) 535-544 doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2017.06.001
Mills, Stuart, Aishima, Jun, Aragao, David, Caradoc-Davies, Tom Tudor, Cowieson, Nathan, Gee, Christine L., Ericsson, Daniel, Harrop, Stephen, Panjikar, Santosh, Smith, Kate Mary Louise, Riboldi-Tunnicliffe, Alan, Williamson, Rachel, Price, Jason Roy (2020) Crystal structure of posnjakite formed in the first crystal water-cooling line of the ANSTO Melbourne Australian Synchrotron MX1 Double Crystal Monochromator. Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications, 76 (7) 1136-1138 doi:10.1107/s2056989020008099
Bloise, Andrea, Dattola, Luigi, De Luca, Raffaella, Miriello, Domenico (2023) Anglesite, Cerussite, Gypsum, Langite, Malachite, and Posnjakite: New Occurrences in the Calabria Region (Southern Italy) Applied Sciences, 13 (4) 2200 doi:10.3390/app13042200("new Raman bands, which have not been mentioned before in the literature, were identified")
Localities for Posnjakite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| R Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Austria | |
| Blass et al. (2003) |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Niedermayr (1987) +1 other reference |
| Puttner (1994) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G. Niedermayr (1998) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1996) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G.Blaß |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| C.Auer (2014) |
| Puttner (1996) |
| Kirchner et al. (2007) |
| Paar et al. (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| C.Auer (2018) |
| Kirchner et al. (2004) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| C. Auer (2022) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Lewandowski et al. (2006) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| G.Gesselbauer (2014) |
| Schebesta (1992) |
| Auer (2018) |
| Taucher (1997) |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Gtöbner (2000) | |
| Postl (1977) |
| Postl (1977) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2012) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2010) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) | |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| C.Auer (2016) | |
| C.Auer (2021) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) | |
| Lapis 2007 | |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| Blaß et al. (1992) +1 other reference | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| - (1994) |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference | |
| C.Auer (2015) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Cook (2008) |
Belgium | |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference |
| Van Der Meersche (1992) +1 other reference |
| Van Tassel (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Van Tassel (1977) +2 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Sabina (1994) |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 |
| Reiner Mielke 2011 |
| Cobalt - Belleterre - Timmins +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1992) |
| and parts of New Brunswick. Geological ... +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1992) |
| Estrie and Gaspesie +3 other references |
| Sabina (1966) | |
| Sabina (1967 & 1992) |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Sabina (1972) |
Chile | |
| Lambiel et al. (2012) |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| [Lapis 1995 +1 other reference |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Skala et al. (2011) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| none |
| Sejkora (1998) | |
| Vavřinec L. | |
| Velebil +5 other references |
Europe | |
| |
Finland | |
| Jyrki Autio specimen |
France | |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Sarp +3 other references |
| De Ascencao Guedes R. (2001) |
| Lheur et al. (2011) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Bari (1982) | |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Favreau et al. (1999) |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Mari et al. (1997) |
| www.mine-capgaronne.fr (2003) +2 other references |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| |
| |
| web.archive.org (2001) +1 other reference |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Blessing et al. (1991) |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +2 other references |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Jahn et al. (2009) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Lapis (12) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Graf et al. (1982) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Matteo Chinellato collection |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Heckmann et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Volker Reppke Collection |
| Thomas Kleser Collection | |
| Heinrich et al. (2006) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) |
| Emser Hefte 1987 (4) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Henrich (2007) | |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2015) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Lapis (2) | |
| |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Graf (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Habel (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| 58 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Schnorrer (2004) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Knoll (2004) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke (1993) +1 other reference |
| Witzke (1993) +1 other reference |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Witzke (1993) |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| XRD analysis (T. Witzke) |
| Witzke (1993) +1 other reference |
| 43-47 +2 other references |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Rüger et al. (1992) | |
Greece | |
| |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. +1 other reference |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
Iran | |
| Mohsen Mohammadi |
Ireland | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| S. MORETON et al. (1999) |
Italy | |
| Francesco Vanini et al. (2024) |
| Bloise et al. (2023) |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Adorni F. (1997) | |
| Adorni F. (1997) | |
| Adorni F. (1997) | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| M.E. Ciriotti et al. (P. Rögner analysis) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| Pagano et al. (2001) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| M.E. Ciriotti Probed 2005 |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Vergani (2019) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Mair (1996) |
| IR analysis at Zannato Museum of Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza) +1 other reference | |
| Daniel Lorenz |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references |
| Bardi et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) |
| Bonifazi (2021) |
| Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| Orlandi (2005) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2016) |
| Sergio Pegoraro et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
| American Mineralogist | |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) | |
| Zordan et al. (2001) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Go Ito |
| Ohnishi et al. (2001) |
| Petrov (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
Kazakhstan (TL) | |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Folvik (2019) |
| Raade et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Juul Nilsen (1993) | |
| Nordrum (1995) |
| Raade (1995) |
| Andresen et al. (2023) |
| Raade et al. (1990) |
| |
| Raade et al. (1990) |
| Witsø (1995) |
Oman | |
| Pracejus et al. (2017) |
Poland | |
| Siuda (2004) |
| Siuda (2001) | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data (2018) |
| Nowinska (2020) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2016) |
Slovakia | |
| Pauliš |
| Figuschová (1978) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. (2014) |
| Sejkora J. |
| Háber et al. (SGR) | |
| Lapis 2003 (1) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Řídkošil (1978) |
Slovenia | |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Calvo (2008) |
| López (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Ignacio Herrera +13 other references |
| Joan Rosell |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
Sweden | |
| Persson (2000) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Meisser (1999) |
| Meisser (1999) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| |
| Knight et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Robin Selley and Roger Eslick (2004) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Richard de Nul collection |
| Embrey (1978) +1 other reference |
| - (2006) +1 other reference |
| - (2006) | |
| David Clayton |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| [BMS] |
| Day (1999) |
| Technical Report TR-02-09 (March 2002) |
| Rust (1995) |
| Livingstone et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Green (1987) +2 other references |
| |
| |
| |
| Bevins et al. (1985) |
| Dave Evans collection |
| |
| |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
Ukraine | |
| Dvoichenko (1914) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Kampf et al. (2016) |
| Dr. Robert Housley |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Carnegie Museum of Natural History ... |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Jensen (1993) | |
| A. Plante collection +1 other reference |
| Patrick Haynes collection |
| Januzzi +2 other references |
| A. Kampf 2-2018 |
| Smith et al. (1977) |
| Smith et al. (1984) |
| Smith and Hioff (1984) |
| Barnes (1973) +2 other references |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| PXRD analyzed by Tony Kampf. |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| Washington Geology |
| Analysis by Joy Desor |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany