Glauconite
A material that is NOT an approved mineral species
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About Glauconite
Formula:
K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2
As a Commodity:
Lustre:
Dull, Earthy
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1828 by Christian Keferstein from the Greek "glaukos," blue-green, in allusion to its color; but the term "glauconie" was used earlier, in 1823, by Alexandre Brongniart, as a name for the English term "green sand". Both celadonite and glauconite were lumped with "Grünerde", the approximate German equivalent of green sand, by Dana (1844). Eventually, glauconite was applied just to the sedimentary pellets, with which the species has been tied ever since, although the celadonites were essentially lumped together until the new species of the celadonite sub-group were established in 1997 by Gejing Li, Donald Ralph Peacor, Douglas S. Coombs, and Yosuke Kawachi. Rieder et al. (1998) kept glauconite as a compositional space ("series") for interlayer-deficient, Fe+/-Mg-rich dioctahedral micas, the analog of illite and related to the celadonite subgroup.
First Recorded Locality:
Not an IMA-approved name.
This mineral has long been described in the literature and recognised by most geologists but is not easily defined. The green "glaucony" mineral commonly found in marine sediments has been defined as a mixed-layer glauconite-smectite (Odin & Létolle, 1980) but in part it can actually be a mixture of minerals from the mica, serpentine and chlorite groups, rather than a pure glauconite mineral.
Rieder et al. (1998) defined Glauconites somewhat vaguely as a counterpart of illite, as dioctahedral interlayer-deficient (i.e. (K+Na)<0.85) micas with (Mg+Fe)>Al and Fe3+ > Al in the octahedral sites (basically being interlayer deficient celadonite subgroup minerals). The range of interlayer cation site occupancy is defined as 0.6-0.85; in the octahedral layer (Mg+Fe)>Al. It could be a subgroup with members defined similar to the celadonite subgroup, or just represent varieties of the celadonite subgroup.
Typically found as rounded aggregates or "pellets" of very fine grained scaly clay particles, having a blue-green to yellow-green or grey-green color. True glauconites may have been found in other environments (e.g. igneous rocks), but, before 1998, may have been classed as celadonite.
This mineral has long been described in the literature and recognised by most geologists but is not easily defined. The green "glaucony" mineral commonly found in marine sediments has been defined as a mixed-layer glauconite-smectite (Odin & Létolle, 1980) but in part it can actually be a mixture of minerals from the mica, serpentine and chlorite groups, rather than a pure glauconite mineral.
Rieder et al. (1998) defined Glauconites somewhat vaguely as a counterpart of illite, as dioctahedral interlayer-deficient (i.e. (K+Na)<0.85) micas with (Mg+Fe)>Al and Fe3+ > Al in the octahedral sites (basically being interlayer deficient celadonite subgroup minerals). The range of interlayer cation site occupancy is defined as 0.6-0.85; in the octahedral layer (Mg+Fe)>Al. It could be a subgroup with members defined similar to the celadonite subgroup, or just represent varieties of the celadonite subgroup.
Typically found as rounded aggregates or "pellets" of very fine grained scaly clay particles, having a blue-green to yellow-green or grey-green color. True glauconites may have been found in other environments (e.g. igneous rocks), but, before 1998, may have been classed as celadonite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1710
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1710:3
Classification of Glauconite
16.20.10
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
20 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Mg and alkalis
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
20 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Mg and alkalis
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Glt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Glt | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Glt | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Glt | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Glt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Glt | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Glauconite
Chemistry of Glauconite
Mindat Formula:
K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2
Element Weights:
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Mesoproterozoic to Carboniferous : 1175 Ma to 354 Ma - based on 18 recorded ages.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005026 | Glauconite | Drits V A, Zviagina B B, McCarty D K, Salyn A L (2010) Factors responsible for crystal-chemical variations in the solid solutions from illite to aluminoceladonite and from glauconite to celadonite Sample Name: 68-69 American Mineralogist 95 348-361 |  | 2010 | Baltic region, Russia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005027 | Glauconite | Drits V A, Zviagina B B, McCarty D K, Salyn A L (2010) Factors responsible for crystal-chemical variations in the solid solutions from illite to aluminoceladonite and from glauconite to celadonite Sample Name: PILT American Mineralogist 95 348-361 | | 2010 | Ordovician sandstone, Latvia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005028 | Glauconite | Drits V A, Zviagina B B, McCarty D K, Salyn A L (2010) Factors responsible for crystal-chemical variations in the solid solutions from illite to aluminoceladonite and from glauconite to celadonite Sample Name: BAB American Mineralogist 95 348-361 | | 2010 | Leningrad region, Russia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
First Recorded Occurrence of Glauconite
Synonyms of Glauconite
Other Language Names for Glauconite
Basque:Glaukonita
Dutch:Glauconiet
Esperanto:Glaŭkonito
French:Glauconite
Hebrew:גלאוקוניט
Italian:Glauconite
Lithuanian:Glaukonitas
Polish:Glaukonit
Portuguese:Glauconita
Simplified Chinese:海绿石
Slovak:Glaukonit
Spanish:Glauconita
Swedish:Glaukonit
Ukrainian:Глауконіт
Varieties of Glauconite
| Aluminium-glauconite | An Al-rich glauconite. |
| Copper-bearing Glauconite | A 2M polytype mica, glauconite variety, containing up to 2.02 wt.% CuO and anomalously rich in Na2O (over 6 wt.%) and MgO (over 7 wt.%), by up to 1.13 wt.% FeO. A common constituent of white sandstones (Weissliegendes) with chalcocite mineralization with... |
| Marsyatskite | A Mn-bearing glauconite. |
| Skolite | A hydromica close to bravaisite, a variety of glauconite high in Al and Ca and low in Fe3+. |
| Soda-Glauconite | A Na-rich variety of glauconite. |
Relationship of Glauconite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Dioctahedral mica:
| Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| Celadonite Subgroup | A subgroup of the dioctahedral mica group. | |
| Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Natro-glauconite | (Na,K)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 | |
| Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Roscoelite | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 21 photos of Glauconite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 13 photos of Glauconite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 6 photos of Glauconite associated with Clay minerals | |
| 5 photos of Glauconite associated with Laueite Group | M12+M23+M33+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 5 photos of Glauconite associated with Sandstone | |
| 4 photos of Glauconite associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| 3 photos of Glauconite associated with Flint | |
| 3 photos of Glauconite associated with Limestone | |
| 3 photos of Glauconite associated with Marl | |
| 3 photos of Glauconite associated with Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
Radioactivity
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Glauconite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Glauconite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1710.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Glauconite
Reference List:
Schneider, Hyrum (1927) A Study of Glauconite. The Journal of Geology, 35 (4) 289-310 doi:10.1086/623417
Hendricks, Sterling B., Ross, Clarence S. (1941) Chemical composition and genesis of glauconite and celadonite. American Mineralogist, 26 (12) 683-708
Bentor, Yaacov K.; Kastner, Miriam (1965) Notes on the Mineralogy and Origin of Glauconite. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 35. 155-166 doi:10.1306/74d71212-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d
Velde, B. (1976) The chemical evolution of glauconite pellets as seen by microprobe determinations. Mineralogical Magazine, 40 (315) 753-760 doi:10.1180/minmag.1976.040.315.09
Loveland, P. J. (1980) Zoned glauconite from the Upper Greensand. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (329) 682-684 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.329.24
Loveland, P. J., Bendelow, V. C. (1984) Celadonite-aluminous-glauconite: an example from the Lake District, UK. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (346) 113-117 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.346.15
Buckley, H. A., Easton, A. J., Johnson, L. R. (1984) Compositional variations in glauconite. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (346) 119-126 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.346.16
Slonimskaya, M. V., Besson, G., Dainyak, L. G., Tchoubar, C., Drits, V. A. (1986) Interpretation of the IR spectra of celadonites and glauconites in the region of OH-stretching frequencies. Clay Minerals, 21 (3) 377-388 doi:10.1180/claymin.1986.021.3.09
Daynyak, Lydia G. (1987) Interpretation of Mössbauer Spectra of Nontronite, Celadonite, and Glauconite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35 (5) 363-372 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1987.0350506
Dainyak, Lydia G. (1992) Computer Simulation of Cation Distribution in Dioctahedral 2:1 Layer Silicates Using IR-Data: Application to Mössbauer Spectroscopy of a Glauconite Sample. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40 (4) 470-479 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1992.0400412
Drits, V. A., Dainyak, L. G., Muller, F., Besson, G., Manceau, A. (1997) Isomorphous cation distribution in celadonites, glauconites and Fe-illites determined by infrared, Mössbauer and EXAFS spectroscopies. Clay Minerals, 32 (2) 153-179 doi:10.1180/claymin.1997.032.2.01
Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., D’Yakonov, Y.S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardt, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P.V., Muller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radoslovich, E.W., Robert, J.L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D.R. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. The Canadian Mineralogist, 36 (3) 905-912
Ospitali, Francesca, Bersani, Danilo, Di Lonardo, Gianfranco, Lottici, Pier Paolo (2008) ‘Green earths’: vibrational and elemental characterization of glauconites, celadonites and historical pigments. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 39 (8). 1066-1073 doi:10.1002/jrs.1983
Nieto, Fernando; Abad, Isabel; Bauluz, Blanca; Reolid, Matías (2021) Textural and genetic relationships between glauconite and celadonite at the nanoscale: two different structural-compositional fields. European Journal of Mineralogy, 33 (4). 503-517 doi:10.5194/ejm-33-503-2021
Baumgartner, Raphael J., Cuadros, Javier, Michalski, Joseph, Pejcic, Bobby, Laukamp, Carsten, Hu, Siyu, Bourdet, Julien (2022) Chemistry-dependent Raman spectral features of glauconite and nontronite: Implications for mineral identification and provenance analysis. American Mineralogist, 107 (6) 1080-1090 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8044
Localities for Glauconite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
Argentina | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Hein et al. (2016) | |
| Glass et al. (2002) |
| Glass et al. (2002) | |
Australia | |
| Jesse Gibson Collection |
| Dammer et al. (1996) |
| VicMine ID: 373261. |
| Nickel et al. (1977) |
| Journal of the Royal Society of Western ... |
| Sheppard et al. (2016) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Simpson |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| - (n.d.) |
| H. Schillhammer collection |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Harald Schillhammer collection |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (2008) |
| F. Bernhard (SEM-EDS, 13.12.2006) +2 other references |
| Reiter (2012) |
| Schachinger et al. (2008) |
| Schachinger et al. (2008) | |
| Kiesewetter (2001) |
Belgium | |
| Thorez (1973) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Erik Vercammen collection |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| "Geosite Goudberg et al. (booklet s.d.) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Frank de Wit collection |
| Frank de Wit collection | |
| Frank de Wit collection | |
| found by FdW |
| Charlet et al. (1978) |
| natuurtijdschriften.nl (n.d.) |
| natuurtijdschriften.nl (n.d.) |
| natuurtijdschriften.nl (n.d.) |
| natuurtijdschriften.nl (n.d.) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Delphine Bruyère et al (2003) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Bulgaria | |
| Georgiev +4 other references |
Canada | |
| Bertram et al. (1975) |
| Sabina (1965) |
| |
| MDI Number: MDI31B12NW00003 |
| Sabina (1986) | |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Sabina (1986) |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
Chile | |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
| SEM-EDS |
China | |
| Ying Qin (1988) |
| Zhang et al. (2023) |
| Ruzhou Jiang (1987) |
| Zhongcheng Wang (1996) +1 other reference |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Guijia Zhang et al. (1991) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Huaikui Tu (2001) |
| Zejiang Wang and Anru Wang (1985) |
| Zejiang Wang and Anru Wang (1985) |
| Huaikui Tu (2001) |
| Chernoff et al. (2002) |
| Huaikui Tu (2001) |
| 高翔 et al. (2013) |
| Wenxin Yu (1980) +1 other reference |
Croatia | |
| Perković et al. (2024) |
Czech Republic | |
| Eliáš M. (1999) |
| Matýsek et al. (Vnější Západní Karpaty, Česká republika) |
| Rusek P. (květen-srpen 1960) +1 other reference |
| Jirásek et al. (2023) |
| Jirásek et al. (2017) |
| Jirásek et al. (2011) |
| Mátl |
Denmark | |
| P. Andresen (2002, collected ) |
Ecuador | |
| Duque (2000) |
| Ordoñez (2006) |
| Alejandro Felix | |
| Manrique et al. (2018) |
| Alejandro Félix collection. |
Egypt | |
| S. Tosson et al. |
| Salama et al. (2012) |
| El-Habaak et al. (2016) | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A |
| Lasheen | |
France | |
| G. Demarcq |
| G. Demarcq |
| Heavy sands collected by Marc Bassoulet ... |
| R. Pierrot |
| Gaétan Bouclet collection |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| ... |
| Belot (1978) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Belot (1978) |
| Belot (1978) |
| BRGM (2000) |
| Baret (1905) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Perroud (1989) |
Georgia | |
| Varentsov (1996) |
Germany | |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
| Aust H. (1969) |
| Hanke et al. (2018) |
| Brigitte Salmen |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Jahn (2013) |
| de.wikipedia.org (n.d.) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Pawlowski (1991) |
| Krul (1969) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 1988 (2) |
| Krul (1969) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Alfredo Petrov |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.mineralatlas.eu (n.d.) |
Greece | |
| Kilias +7 other references |
Hungary | |
| |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Locality |
| |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hungarian Mineral ... |
| Kaeding et al. (1983) |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| Choudhury et al. (2023) +2 other references |
| Choudhury et al. (2023) |
Indian Ocean | |
| Maciąg et al. (2019) | |
| The Shipboard Scientific Party (1974) |
Iraq | |
| Yassin (1995) |
Italy | |
| Vichi et al. (2023) |
| Bassani (1907) +1 other reference |
| Bassani (1907) +1 other reference | |
| P. Antonazzo collection 2008 |
| P. Antonazzo collection 2008 | |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Pasquale Antonazzo collection - 2008 | |
| Boni et al. (1976) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Boni et al. (1976) |
| Guarino V. et al. (2011) |
| Resch (1979) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Zorzi et al. (eds.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Studi e Ricerche - Associazione Amici del Museo - Museo Civico "G.Zannato" Montecchio Maggiore (VI) |
Japan | |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| H. Okada (1964) |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
Jordan | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Shokanov et al. (2024) |
| Shokanov et al. (2024) |
| Shokanov et al. (2024) |
Liechtenstein | |
| Frommelt (1934) +1 other reference |
Malta | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Alfredo Petrov field observations | |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
| Felder +1 other reference |
| found by FdW |
| found by Frank de Wit |
| T.G. Nijland |
| Nijland et al. (2007) |
| Krul (1969) |
New Zealand | |
| van der Lingen (1988) |
| van der Lingen (1988) | |
| Campbell et al. (1988) | |
| Collected as main rock type |
| Kobe (1976) |
| Hutton (1885) |
| Mac Beggs (1978) |
| Jones (1972) |
| Cas |
| Aitchison (1988) | |
| Old Mill or Dog Pound Quarry et al. (NZ) |
| Hood et al. (2002) |
| Wezenburg (1988) |
| Spratt et al. (1975) | |
| Browne (1987) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| H.-R. Kudrass & U. von Rad (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Markov et al. (2002) |
Poland | |
| Wachowiak et al. (2016) |
| Marszałek +2 other references |
| Prochazka K. |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Kucha et al. (1982) | |
| Oszczepalski (1999) | |
| Kucha et al. (1982) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny (PIG) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Roemer (1870) |
| Wróbel 2007 |
| Roemer (1870) | |
| Sękowski et.al. (2012) |
| Nitychoruk J. et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Rudmin +8 other references |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Tsekhovskii et al. (2002) |
| Skublov et al. (2007) |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Aprodov et al. (1963) | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Aprodov et al. (1963) +3 other references | |
| Aprodov et al. (1963) +2 other references | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Aprodov et al. (1963) | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Aprodov et al. (1963) +2 other references | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Fersman Mineralogical Museum |
| Danshin et al. (1947) |
| Danshin et al. (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Feklichev et al. (1998) |
| Kalinina et al. (2023) |
| Himmelfarb et al. (eds.) | |
| Lapis 29 (1) |
| Sokol et al. (2021) |
| Sokol et al. (2021) | |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Patyk-Kara et al. (2008) |
| Rudmin et al. (2016) |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Rojkovič et al. (2003) |
| Koutek J. (1936) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Ware (2001) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Pohl et al. (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Josep Sanchez-Lafuente Mariol specimens +1 other reference |
| Velasco et al. (2003) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Bergström et al. (1980) |
| Lundegren (1934) |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Swedish Nat.Musuem |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Kipfer (1984) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Taiwan | |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Chang et al. (2008) | |
Tunisia | |
| Decrée et al. (2008) |
| Bouhlel et al. (2016) |
| Dill |
| Souissi et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| Akinci (2009) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Quirk (1986) |
| Quirk (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Quirk (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Quirk (1986) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Bloodworth (1990) |
| De Putter et al. (2000) |
| White (1923) |
| [[1]] Pitcher (1967) |
| Ruffell (1990) |
| Evans (1972) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| www.bgs.ac.uk (n.d.) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Loveland (1980) |
Ukraine | |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Sokol et al. (2018) |
| Sokol et al. (2018) | |
| Sokol et al. (2018) | |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| www.minsocam.org (2012) |
| Dvoychenko et al. (1914) |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Dean (1995) | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Evernden et al. (1961) | |
| Evernden et al. (1961) | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Lindgren (1905) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1944) +2 other references |
| Howard (2007) |
| Arkansas Geological Commission |
| USGS : Midway Group | |
| Howard (2007) | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| USGS : Midway Group | |
| Arkansas Geological Commission | |
| USGS : Midway Group | |
| USGS : Midway Group | |
| USGS : Midway Group | |
| USGS : Midway Group | |
| USGS : Midway Group | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Allen (1929) +3 other references |
| Reed (1928) +2 other references |
| Schneider (1927) +2 other references |
| Pelletier | |
| Briggs et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Galliher (1935a) +4 other references |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2019) |
| Dietz et al. (1942) +3 other references |
| DHZ |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Caine et al. (2010) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
| |
| Lang et al. (1965) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 61:138-142 & 64:230. +1 other reference |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Alan Goldstein collection. |
| Alan Goldstein collection. | |
| Alan Goldstein collection. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 61:144-145. |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Midwest Chapter Newsletter Volume 29 ... |
| |
| Rocks & Min.:61:146 +2 other references |
| Erd et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Horick (1974) |
| Horick (1974) | |
| T.E. Savage (1902) | |
| Horick (1974) | |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) | |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) | |
| - (2005) |
| Anderson (1994) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Alan Goldstein |
| Goldstein (2010) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Earth Treasures Vol 4 |
| Strickler ME (1990) | |
| Barwick (1951) |
| - (2005) |
| Pearre (1961) | |
| Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| Bernstein (1976) |
| Hollick (1899) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Weed (1988) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Gleba (2008) | |
| Gleba (2008) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Morris (1983) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| John Krygier specimen |
| Koerber et al. (2018) |
| Ojakangas et al. (1982) |
| Swann et al. (1992) |
| Priddy | |
| Evernden et al. (1961) | |
| Evernden et al. (1961) | |
| Tourtelot et al. (1964) | |
| Offield et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Allen (1937) +1 other reference | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Min 65:292 (1990) +1 other reference |
| Hurley et al. (1960) |
| Wasserburg et al. (1956) | |
| Chester S. Lemanski |
| Kunz (1890) |
| E. D. Cope (1869) | |
| A Quest for New Jersey Minerals (1978) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| The Minerals of NYC & Its Environs et al. (1931) | |
| The Minerals of NYC & Its Environs et al. (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1892) | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Chester S. Lemanski |
| C.G.Segeler (personal communication) |
| Tedrow (2002) | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| - (2005) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Itsuki Imaeda Collection |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 16158 |
| Jenna Thompson Collection | |
| - (2005) | |
| Genth et al. (1881) | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| GSA Bulletin +9 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| W. BURLEIGH HARRIS (2003) |
| J.Wright Horton | |
| - (2005) | |
| Hurley et al. (1960) |
| Berryhill (1963) | |
| James Cheshire collection |
| James Cheshire collection | |
| James Cheshire collection |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| R&M 72:4 pp 252-264 |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Montgomery (Oct, 1970) +2 other references |
| South Carolina Geological Survey ... +1 other reference |
| Earle Sloan (1908) | |
| USGS : Peedee Formation | |
| South Carolina Geological Survey ... +1 other reference | |
| National Geochemical Database : Rocks : ... | |
| Earle Sloan (1908) | |
| Earle Sloan (1908) | |
| Earle Sloan (1908) | |
| USGS : Peedee Formation | |
| South Carolina Geological Survey ... +1 other reference | |
| Wharf Resources (2011) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Darton et al. (available on-line at http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/65/sec2.htm) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| National Geochemical Database :Rocks - ... |
| USGS : Coon Creek Formation | |
| Hurley et al. (1960) | |
| USGS : Coon Creek Formation and Midway ... | |
| National Geochemical Database -Rocks - ... | |
| USGS : Coon Creek Formation | |
| National Geochemical Database : Rocks - ... | |
| USGS : Midway Group Formation | |
| Paris (2011) |
| National Geochemical Database : Rocks - ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS : Coon Creek Formation and Midway ... | |
| Stose et al. (1923) |
| USGS : Midway Group Formation | |
| National Geochemical Database : Rocks - ... | |
| USGS : Coon Creek Formation and Midway ... | |
| National Geochemical Database - Rocks - ... | |
| National Geochemical Database ::Rocks - ... | |
| National Geochemical Database :Rocks - ... | |
| National Geochemical Database-Rocks: ... | |
| Marcher et al. (1962) | |
| National Geochemical Database -Rocks - ... | |
| BEG University of Texas publication 4301 |
| Flis et al. (2015) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... | |
| Malone et al. (ID No. 102331) |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Mitchell (1962) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Mitchell (1962) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Ladd (1944) |
| Herzog et al. (1958) |
| Geology of Wisconsin: survey of ... |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Odom |
| Ekern (1930) |
| Thwaites (1921) | |
| William Cordua | |
| Rock et al. (1989) |
| Hurley et al. (1960) | |
| |
| Hurley et al. (1960) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Solodov et al. (2001) |
Yemen | |
| Fleitmann et al. (2004) |
Zambia | |
| - (Hanco) |
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Roubaix, Galena Mining District, Lawrence County, South Dakota, USA