Hornblende
A variety of Calcium Amphibole Subgroup
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About Hornblende
Formula:
AnCa2(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2
Name:
Named in 1789 by Abraham Gottlieb Werner from an old German term for dark minerals with no ore value and from "blende", meaning to deceive.
A commonly used informal name for dark green to black amphiboles, largely in the Hornblende Root Name Group including ferro-hornblende or magnesio-hornblende according to the current IMA nomenclature. In its informal sense, the term may also include: Edenite, Tschermakite, Hastingsite, Pargasite and many other related minerals.
In the book "Rock-forming minerals, volume 2b, double chain silicates" by Deer, Howie & Zussman (1997), the term "hornblende" is used as a group name for all aluminous amphiboles in the Calcium Amphibole Subgroup of the Amphibole Supergroup. However it is probably also used for many other amphiboles e.g. in the Sodium-Calcium Amphibole Subgroup.
In the book "Rock-forming minerals, volume 2b, double chain silicates" by Deer, Howie & Zussman (1997), the term "hornblende" is used as a group name for all aluminous amphiboles in the Calcium Amphibole Subgroup of the Amphibole Supergroup. However it is probably also used for many other amphiboles e.g. in the Sodium-Calcium Amphibole Subgroup.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1930 (as Hornblende)
29365 (as Calcium Amphibole Subgroup)
29365 (as Calcium Amphibole Subgroup)
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1930:5 (as Hornblende)
mindat:1:1:29365:1 (as Calcium Amphibole Subgroup)
mindat:1:1:29365:1 (as Calcium Amphibole Subgroup)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hbl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hbl | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Hbl | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Hbl | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Hbl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Hbl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Chemistry of Hornblende
Mindat Formula:
AnCa2(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Paleoproterozoic to Quaternary : 1606 Ma to 1.53 ± 0.15 Ma - based on 28 recorded ages.
Synonyms of Hornblende
Other Language Names for Hornblende
Dutch:Hoornblende
Finnish:Sarvivälke
French:Hornblende
Hebrew:הורנבלנדה
Italian:Orneblenda
Japanese:普通角閃石
Polish:Hornblenda
Portuguese:Horneblenda
Simplified Chinese:普通角闪石
Swedish:Hornblände
Varieties of Hornblende
| Hornblende-asbestos | A fibrous variety of hornblende. See also byssolite. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 4 photos of Hornblende associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 4 photos of Hornblende associated with Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 3 photos of Hornblende associated with Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| 3 photos of Hornblende associated with Eclogite | |
| 3 photos of Hornblende associated with Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| 3 photos of Hornblende associated with Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 3 photos of Hornblende associated with Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
| 2 photos of Hornblende associated with Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| 1 photo of Hornblende associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 1 photo of Hornblende associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Hornblende in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
- Igneous rock
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Coarse-grained ("plutonic") crystalline igneous rock
- Calavorite
- Orbiculite
- Granitoid
- Syenitoid
- Dioritoid
- Gabbroid
- Quartz-monzogabbro
- Monzogabbro
- Foid-bearing-monzogabbro
- Quartz-gabbro
- Gabbro
- Clinopyroxene-gabbro
- Olivine-gabbro
- Gabbronorite
- Olivine-gabbronorite
- Pyroxene-hornblende-gabbronorite
- Hornblende-gabbro
- Norite
- Clinopyroxene-norite
- Olivine-clinopyroxene norite
- Olivine-norite
- Pyroxene-hornblende-norite
- Olivine-orthopyroxene-gabbro
- Orthopyroxene-gabbro
- Pyroxene-hornblende-gabbro
- Troctolite
- Gabbrodiorite
- Leucogabbro
- Melagabbro
- Quartz-norite
- Microgabbro
- Pegmatitic gabbro
- Foid-bearing-gabbro
- Foid-bearing gabbroic-rock
- Anorthositoid
- Foid-syenitoid
- Foid-dioritoid
- Foid-gabbroid
- Foidolite
- Coarse-grained-ultramafic-rock
- Fine-grained ("volcanic") normal crystalline igneous rock
- Dolerite
- Porphyry
- Coarse-grained ("plutonic") crystalline igneous rock
- Exotic crystalline igneous rock
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Sedimentary rock and sediment
- Metamorphic rock
Internet Links for Hornblende
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1930.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hornblende
Reference List:
Localities for Hornblende
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Plimer et al. (1983) |
| Abdrakhmanov et al. (2024) |
| Bell (1984) |
Argentina | |
| Ulrich et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Perelló et al. (2023) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2019) | |
| Vidal et al. (2016) |
Armenia | |
| Moritz et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Mulholland (1984) |
| Various (1965) |
| part of list University of Queensland +1 other reference |
| Hong et al. (2023) |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +2 other references |
| Hong et al. (2023) |
| Krebbers et al. (2024) |
| Russell (2024) |
| Barnes et al. (2020) |
| Karykowski et al. (2015) |
| Sumail et al. (2024) |
Austria | |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] H. ROSENBERG |
| Keyser et al. (2024) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Stütz (1807) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) | |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
| Thalhammer et al. (1989) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Exel (1993) |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Strasser (1989) |
Botswana | |
| Phili et al. (2024) |
Brazil | |
| Soares et al. (2025) |
| Amaral et al. (2023) |
| Santos et al. (2024) |
| Lopes et al. (2024) |
| Santos et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Delinardo-Silva et al. (2025) |
| Farias et al. (2022) |
| Costa et al. (2024) |
| Araújo Neto et al. (2024) |
| Araujo et al. (1995) |
Cameroon | |
| Mengou et al. (2025) |
| Kouske et al. (2022) |
Canada | |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see notes in description) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Piilonen et al. (2024) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Beno et al. (2025) |
| Coulson et al. (2007) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Febbo et al. (2019) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Fulton (1999) +1 other reference |
| Rubingh et al. (2024) | |
| Rubingh et al. (2024) | |
| dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) +1 other reference |
| - (2022) | |
| PRESSACCO (2001) |
| MacMillan (2014) |
| Katz et al. (2025) |
| Caglioti (2023) |
| N.T. Pettigrew and K.H. Hattori +1 other reference | |
| |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Lee et al. (2025) |
Central America | |
| Bateson et al. (1970) | |
Chad | |
| Olivier et al. (2021) |
Chile | |
| Cernuschi et al. (2023) |
| Zambra et al. (2007) |
| Chouinard et al. (2005) |
| Escolme et al. (2020) |
| Gómez-Gajardo et al. (2024) |
China | |
| Zheng et al. (2023) |
| Zhao et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Shi et al. (2024) |
| Qiu et al. (2024) |
| Chen et al. (2024) |
| Tian et al. (2023) |
| Ren et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
| Porter (Mike) +1 other reference |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +1 other reference |
| Ji et al. (2025) |
| Shu et al. (2023) |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Zuwei Wang and Yongzhang Zhou (2002) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2025) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Guo et al. (2024) |
| Baode et al. (2003) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Sun et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Zhai et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Guanghui Li et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Chen Tang et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Zhao et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Ouyang et al. (2023) | |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2024) | |
| Broili et al. (2010) |
| Feng et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Mao et al. (2011) |
| Hu et al. (2024) |
| Pan et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) +2 other references |
| Qiu et al. (2024) | |
| Wei et al. (2024) |
| |
| Dai et al. (2024) |
| Zeheng Lei et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Shan et al. (2023) |
| Luo et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Xue et al. (2025) | |
| Mi et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Sun et al. (2025) |
| Huang et al. (2025) |
| Liang et al. (2024) |
| Yu et al. (2025) |
| Zhang +9 other references |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Guo et al. (2025) |
| He et al. (2024) |
| Chen et al. (2025) |
| Dong et al. (2025) |
| Zongyao et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Badhe et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2023) |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Geng et al. (2024) |
| Tang et al. (2024) |
| Song et al. (2024) |
| Ju et al. (2025) |
| Fu et al. (2025) | |
| Chen et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2024) | |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Chen et al. (2024) | |
| Zhang et al. (2025) | |
| Xia et al. (2025) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Jiang et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Teng et al. (2025) | |
| Chen et al. (2024) | |
| Gao et al. (2025) |
| Qu et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Qian et al. (2023) |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Gao et al. (2025) |
| Gao et al. (2025) | |
| DUAN et al. (2024) |
| Yan et al. (2018) +2 other references | |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Chen et al. (2023) |
| Feng et al. (2024) |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Cai et al. (2023) |
| He et al. (2024) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Zhang et al. (2017) | |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2025) | |
| Hao et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Mao et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
| Zhimin et al. (2013) +3 other references |
| Zeqin Li et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Hong Zhong et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Zhao et al. (2015) |
| Sun et al. (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Xiang et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Xiaoxu et al. (2023) +1 other reference | |
| Wu et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Gao et al. (2025) |
| Yan et al. (2024) |
| Duan et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) | |
| Cheng et al. (2024) | |
| Fang et al. (2024) |
| Chen et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Sun et al. (2018) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Tian et al. (2024) |
| Mao et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Zhuangzhi Qian et al. (2009) +2 other references | |
| Mao et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2023) | |
| Ma et al. (2024) | |
| Gao et al. (2023) | |
| Meng et al. (2024) | |
| Pei et al. (2025) |
| Shen et al. (2025) |
| Qi et al. (2015) |
| Yan et al. (2024) |
| He et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Tang et al. (2024) |
| Tang et al. (2024) | |
| Xie et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Pusheng Zeng et al. (2006) +3 other references |
| Xu et al. (2022) |
| Yang et al. (2025) | |
| Ziying Gao et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Sun et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Yuanren Chen (1976) +2 other references |
| Guo et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
Colombia | |
| Durán Torres (2018) |
Croatia | |
| Perković et al. (2024) |
Czech Republic | |
| Dolníček et al. (2018) |
| Vrtiskova et al. (2024) |
DR Congo | |
| Makutu et al. (2023) |
| Wulff et al. (2025) |
Ecuador | |
| Díaz Castro et al. (2025) |
| Díaz Castro et al. (2025) | |
| Díaz Castro et al. (2025) | |
Egypt | |
| Abdelfadil et al. (2024) |
| Abdelnasser et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Khedr et al. (2020) | |
| Abdelfadil et al. (2025) | |
| Khedr et al. (2024) | |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) | |
| Shalan (2021) |
| Hamdy et al. (2011) | |
| El-Desoky et al. (2025) | |
Eswatini | |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) |
| Gan et al. (n.d.) | |
Ethiopia | |
| Kebede H. Belete +1 other reference |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Rout et al. (2025) | |
Finland | |
| Hokka et al. (2025) |
France | |
| Fermis (2023) |
Georgia | |
| Kumladze et al. (2024) |
Germany | |
| Lorenz (1998) +1 other reference |
| Brauns (1922) +1 other reference |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Juliane R. Collection |
| Meyer et al. (2025) |
| Hazard J. (1891) |
| Tietz et al. (2007) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=55618 |
Greece | |
| Kevrekidis et al. (2024) |
Haiti | |
| Harnish et al. (1986) |
| Bennett et al. (2024) |
India | |
| Bhattacharyya (1974) |
| Sahoo et al. (2025) |
| Srinivasaiah et al. (2015) |
| Shukla et al. (2021) |
| Hindustan Zinc Limited (2017) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Studies of Metasomatized ... +1 other reference |
Indonesia | |
| Al Hakim et al. (2024) |
| Dana et al. (2024) |
| |
| Takahashi et al. (2014) | |
| Takahashi et al. (2014) | |
| Takahashi et al. (2014) | |
| Irzon et al. (2020) |
| Qi et al. (2024) |
| YUNINGSIH et al. (2012) |
| Putra et al. (2024) |
| Idrus et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Mollai et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Baccolo et al. (2019) |
| Ahmadi et al. (2025) |
| Goudarzi et al. (2024) |
| Abedini et al. (2025) |
| Soleymani et al. (2024) |
| Wagner et al. (2025) |
Italy | |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
Jamaica | |
| Porter et al. (1982) |
| Porter et al. (1982) | |
| Porter et al. (1982) | |
| Porter et al. (1982) |
Japan | |
| [var: Hornblende-asbestos] Yamada (2004) |
| Hayashi (2013) |
| Akasaka et al. (Imaizumi) |
| Atsushi ISHIHARA |
| AKATSUKA (1961) |
| |
Kazakhstan | |
| Cao et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Feng et al. (2024) |
| Portnov et al. (2025) |
Madagascar | |
| Berger et al. (2014) |
Malaysia | |
| Foo (1979) |
Mexico | |
| Ramos-Velázquez et al. (2024) |
| Reyes (2020) |
| Morgan (2017) |
| Morgan (2017) | |
| Montoya-Lopera et al. (2025) |
| Almada-Gutiérrez et al. (2024) |
| Fuentes-Guzmán et al. (2020) |
Mongolia | |
| 김영민 (2019) |
| Bilegsaikhan et al. (2024) |
Myanmar | |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
New Zealand | |
| Chernet |
Nicaragua | |
| Lipson et al. (2024) |
Nigeria | |
| Yunusa et al. (2019) |
| Yunusa et al. (2024) |
North Korea | |
| Kim et al. (2023) |
Norway | |
| Brøgger et al. (1875) +1 other reference |
| Terry et al. (2000) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Yan et al. (2024) | |
Pakistan | |
| Le Bas et al. (1987) +2 other references |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Nelson et al. (1988) |
| Nelson et al. (1988) | |
| Rinne et al. (2018) |
| Rinne et al. (2018) | |
Peru | |
| Cernuschi et al. (2023) |
| Tassinari et al. (2011) |
Philippines | |
| Cao et al. (2020) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Grahmann R. (1937) |
| Grahmann R. (1937) | |
| Grahmann R. (1937) | |
| Grahmann R. (1937) | |
Romania | |
| Bonin et al. (2016) |
| von Hauer et al. (1863) |
Russia | |
| Ettlinger et al. (1991) |
| Rakhimov (2024) |
| Kislov (2024) |
| Stepanov et al. (2024) |
| Nagornaya et al. (2020) |
| Gramenitskiy et al. (2019) |
| Левочская et al. (2021) |
| И.И. et al. (2023) |
| Radomskaya et al. (2017) |
| Kolotilina et al. (2024) |
| Sluzhenikin et al. (2015) |
| Sazonov et al. (2024) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2023) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2023) | |
| Skublov et al. (2023) |
| Sushchenko et al. (2023) |
| |
| Chashchin et al. (2021) |
| Chashchin et al. (2021) |
| Kalinin et al. (2024) |
| Popov et al. (2014) |
| Molchanov et al. (2024) |
| Trunilina et al. (2024) |
| Trunilina et al. (2024) |
| Stepanov et al. (2023) |
| Redin et al. (2023) |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) +2 other references |
| Redin et al. (2023) | |
| Redin et al. (2023) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2023) |
Serbia | |
| Miladinović et al. (2024) |
| Miladinović et al. (2024) | |
Slovakia | |
| Ponomarenko et al. (2015) |
South Africa | |
| Maier et al. (2023) |
| JAGUIN et al. (2012) |
| Coetzee (1976) |
| Coetzee (1976) | |
| Coetzee (1976) | |
| Ndhlovu (2017) +1 other reference |
| Canham et al. (2025) |
| Clifford et al. (2012) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
South America Plate | |
| Lima et al. (2024) |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
South Korea | |
| Park et al. (1988) |
| Jo et al. (2023) |
Spain | |
| Locality description |
| ATLANTI et al. (1983) |
| Arias et al. (2021) | |
| Williams (1983) | |
Sri Lanka | |
| Dahanayake (1988) +1 other reference |
Sudan | |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) | |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) | |
| Bierlein et al. (2020) | |
Suriname | |
| Combes et al. (2025) |
Sweden | |
| Billström et al. (2022) |
| Drejing-Carroll et al. (2023) |
| Edfelt et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Edfelt et al. (2006) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Coin (2017) +1 other reference |
Taiwan | |
| Ichimura (1944) +2 other references |
Tanzania | |
| Hassan et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
Thailand | |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
Turkey | |
| Yılmazer et al. (2025) |
| SOYLU et al. (1999) |
| Kaya et al. (2023) |
| Kaya et al. (2023) | |
| Kumral et al. (2022) |
| Çagatay (1987) |
| Yigit (2012) +1 other reference |
| Kiray et al. (2024) |
| Sasmaz et al. (2025) |
| Kumral et al. (2022) |
| Sunkari et al. (2025) |
| Kilic et al. (2024) |
UK | |
| Moles (1985) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| V.I. Pavlishin et al. (1988) |
| Kurylo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| YATSENKO et al. (2020) |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| Shumlyanskyy et al. (2021) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Case et al. (2023) |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Haxel et al. (2023) |
| Locality description |
| Schwartz (1956) |
| Fairbanks (1896) |
| Norris (1960) |
| Berke et al. (2023) |
| Berke et al. (2023) |
| - (1994) |
| Crawford et al. (1916) |
| Yedlin (1964) |
| Nekkhi Murtishi |
| Benson et al. (2020) |
| Sullivan et al. (2023) |
| Sullivan et al. (2023) | |
| Sullivan et al. (2023) | |
| - (1958) |
| Mankins (2022) |
| Riedell et al. (2020) |
| - (2005) |
| Bargar et al. (1997) |
| Sloto (2019) |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| Hall et al. (2022) |
| Glass et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ishkov et al. (2022) |
Vietnam | |
| Nguyen et al. (2024) |
Yangtze Plate | |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Ackermann et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
Diabase quarry, Ebriachgraben, Ebriach, Eisenkappel-Vellach, Völkermarkt District, Carinthia, Austria