Bastnäsite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Formula:
Ce(CO3)F
Colour:
Yellow, reddish-brown; colourless to light yellow in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
4.9 - 5.2
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
For the type locality at the Bastnäs mines, Riddarhyttan, Skinnskatteberg, Västmanland, Sweden, plus the "-(Ce)" suffix due to the dominance of cerium in the composition.
Cerium analogue of Bastnäsite-(La) and Bastnäsite-(Y).
Fluorine analogue of Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce).
Bastnäsite-(Ce)-Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) Series.
The most common member of the bastnäsite group.
May be intergrown with synchysite-(Ce) (syntactic intergrowths).
Bastnäsites form a polysomatic series with synchysites.
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Fluorine analogue of Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce).
Bastnäsite-(Ce)-Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) Series.
The most common member of the bastnäsite group.
May be intergrown with synchysite-(Ce) (syntactic intergrowths).
Bastnäsites form a polysomatic series with synchysites.
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
560
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:560:3
IMA Classification of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
5.BD.20a
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
16a.1.1.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
12.1.8
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bsn-Ce | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bsn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on basal partings
Colour:
Yellow, reddish-brown; colourless to light yellow in transmitted light
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
On {1010}.
On {1010}.
Parting:
On {0001} distinct to perfect of secondary origin).
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.9 - 5.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.12 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.717 - 1.722 nε = 1.818 - 1.823
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.000 - 0.005
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Faintly pleochroic with absorption E is greater than O.
Chemistry of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
Ce(CO3)F
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Ce2O3 | 39.95 % |
| Other oxydes of REE | 30.55 % |
| F | 7.80 % |
| CaO | 0.85 % |
| CO2 | 19.20 % |
| Total: | 98.35 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Andakatany Deposit, Andakatany, Manandriana District, Amoron'i Mania, Madagascar | Wet chemical analysis by P. Ruf |
Crystallography of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6 m2 - Ditrigonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P6c2
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.118(1) Å, c = 9.762(1) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.371
Unit Cell V:
428.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Crystals tabular {0001}, usually with {1010} alone. Crystals normally deeply grooved horizontally due to oscillatory combination of {1011} and {1010}. Large anhedral masses; granular.
Epitaxial Relationships of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Epitaxial Minerals:
Epitaxy Comments:
Bastnäsite forms oriented overgrowths and alteration pseudomorphs after fluocerite. Crystal axes of both species oriented in parallel position.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.90 Å | (35) |
| 3.56 Å | (71) |
| 2.88 Å | (100) |
| 2.06 Å | (50) |
| 2.01 Å | (35) |
| 1.892 Å | (50) |
| 1.675 Å | (24) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
Most abundant REE mineral. Hydrothermal and primary igneous. Granitic and alkali syenites and pegmatites, carbonatites, contact metamorphic deposits, rarely in detrital deposits.
Type Occurrence of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Swedish Museum of Natural History 23:0476
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Narrow bands in a contact metamorphic amphibole skarn.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Other Language Names for Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Dutch:Bastnäsiet-(Ce)
French:Basicérine
Cérium hydrofluaté
Cérium hydrofluaté
German:Bastnäsit-(Ce)
Basisches Fluorcerium
Buszit
Hamartit
Hemartit
Hydrofluocerit
Kischtimit
Kischtim-Parisit
Kyshtymoparisit
Basisches Fluorcerium
Buszit
Hamartit
Hemartit
Hydrofluocerit
Kischtimit
Kischtim-Parisit
Kyshtymoparisit
Russian:Бастнезит-(Ce)
Simplified Chinese:氟碳铈矿
Traditional Chinese:氟碳鈰礦
Relationship of Bastnäsite-(Ce) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Bastnäsite:
| Bastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)F | Hex. 6 m2 : P62c |
| Bastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)F | Hex. 6 m2 : P62c |
| Bastnäsite-(Y) | Y(CO3)F | Hex. 6 m2 : P62c |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 50 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 45 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 42 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 38 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Allanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 37 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 34 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 32 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 31 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 25 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| 23 photos of Bastnäsite-(Ce) associated with Yttrofluorite | (Ca1-xYx)F2+x where 0.05 < x < 0.3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BD. | Cordylite-(La) | (Na,Ca)Ba(La,Ce,Sr)2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | Cordylite-(Ce) | NaBaCe2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | Unnamed (Cordylite-like Calcium-Barium-Cerium Carbonate-Fluoride) | Ca◻Ba2Ce4[CO3]8F2 |
| 5.BD.05 | Lukechangite-(Ce) | Na3Ce2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.10 | Zhonghuacerite-(Ce) | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(Ce) | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(La) | Ba2(La,Ce,Th)(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.15 | Cebaite-(Ce) | Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.15 | Cebaite-(Nd) | Ba3(Nd,Ce)2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(Ce) | NaCe2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(La) | NaLa2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Nd) | CaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Y) | CaY(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(Nd) | Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Y) | Y(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(La) | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20d | Röntgenite-(Ce) | Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3 |
| 5.BD.20a | Thorbastnäsite | ThCa(CO3)2F2 · 3H2O |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce) | Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(La) | Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) | (La,Nd,Ce)(CO3)(OH,F) |
| 5.BD.25 | Qaqarssukite-(Ce) | Ba(Ce,REE)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.25 | Horváthite-(Y) | NaY(CO3)F2 |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Ce) | BaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Nd) | BaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.45 | Bayanoboite-(Y) | Ba2Y(CO3)2F3 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in strong, hot acids.
May be found as pseudomorphs after Fluocerite or Tscheffkinite.
May be found as pseudomorphs after Fluocerite or Tscheffkinite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
REE ore
Internet Links for Bastnäsite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-560.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Bastnäsite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Hisinger, W. (1838) Analyser af några svenska mineralier. 2.Basiskt Fluor-Cerium från Bastnäs. Öfversigt af Kongl. vetenskaps-akademiens förhandlingar, P. A. Norstedt & Söner. 187-191as Basiskfluor-cerium
Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel. 624 pp. pp.297-297
Oftedal, Ivar (1931) Über die parallelverwachsung von tysonit und bastnäsit [On the parallel intergrowth of tysonite and bastnäsite]. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 12 (1-4) 459-467
Donnay, Gabrielle, Donnay, J. D. H. (1953) The crystallography of bastnaesite, parisite, roentgenite and synchisite. American Mineralogist, 38 (11-12) 932-963
Hsu, L. C. (1992) Synthesis and stability of bastnaesites in a part of the system (Ce,La)-F-H-C-O. Mineralogy and Petrology, 47 (1) 87-101 doi:10.1007/bf01165299
Ni, Yunxiang, Hughes, John M., Mariano, Anthony N. (1993) The atomic arrangement of bastnäsite-(Ce), Ce(CO3)F, and structural elements of synchysite-(Ce), röntgenite-(Ce), and parisite-(Ce) American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 415-418
Burke, Ernst A. J. (2008) Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks. The Mineralogical Record, 39 (2) 131-135
Localities for Bastnäsite-(Ce)
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Tucker et al. (2012) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2000) |
Angola | |
| Gonçalves +1 other reference |
| ZHENG et al. (2014) |
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Urbina Nilda |
| Lira et al. (Ed. E.O. Zappettini) | |
Australia | |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Australian Journal of Mineralogy. Vol ... |
| Ludwig et al. (1984) |
| Roberts et al. (1984) +4 other references |
| Ciobanu et al. (2017) | |
| R Botttrill |
| R Botttrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2021) |
| Bottrill et al. (2020) |
| Ogilvie (2014) |
| Bermanec V et al. (2014) |
Austria | |
| Walter et al. (2015) |
| EDS-analysed by Dr. F. Bernhard +2 other references |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) | |
| Steiner&Melcher (2020) |
| Auer (2020) |
| NIEDERMAYR et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Horninger (1936) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
Belarus | |
| E.P. Shpanov et al. (1989) |
Belgium | |
| Van Der Meersche (2005) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Schultz et al. (2004) |
Botswana | |
| Melgarejo et al. (2011) |
Brazil | |
| Borges et al. (2022) |
| Waber (1991) |
| Jordens et al. (2014) | |
| Hunger et al. (2021) |
| de Barros Gomes et al. (2017) |
Canada | |
| Dalsin (2013) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ducharme (2020) |
| GSC locality database | |
| Feng et al. (2015) |
| Sheard et al. (2012) | |
| Pinckston et al. (1995) +3 other references |
| Feng et al. (2015) | |
| Pe-Piper +1 other reference |
| Scott Ercit pers. comm. |
| Canadian Mineralogist 45 |
| Mounce et al. (2020) |
| Mitchell (1991) |
| Platt & Wooley (1990) |
| Horváth collection - XRD & EDS |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| Horváth et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Mitchell et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Petrella (2013) | |
| Currie (1976) +1 other reference |
| FOURNIER (1993) | |
| Miller (1990) +6 other references | |
Cape Verde | |
China | |
| Martin et al. (2004) +3 other references |
| Su et al. (2) +3 other references |
| Zhang Peishan et al. (1996) |
| Ruidong Yang et al. (2006) |
| Zhongxin Yuan et al. (2007) |
| Qu et al. (2019) |
| Li (1982) +7 other references |
| Diao et al. (2022) |
| Liu et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Yang et al. (2003) |
| Wu et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Gong et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Rucheng Wang et al. (2003) |
| Shi et al. (2024) |
| Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985) |
| Zhiwei Bao and Zhenhua Zhao (2008) |
| Wu et al. (2023) |
| Huang et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Wu et al. (1996) |
| Bai et al. (1985) |
| Yang et al. (2006) |
| Yuanfu Xiao et al. (2010) |
| Ge et al. (2017) |
| Yang et al. (2000) +3 other references | |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Rubo Zhang et al. (2003) |
| Jingwu Yin et al. (2013) |
| Yaomin Yang et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Bai et al. (1985) +3 other references |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Xue et al. (2022) |
| Qiu et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| které zajímavé nálezy nerostů +4 other references |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Matýsek D. (2013) |
| Breiter |
Egypt | |
| Mahmoud et al. (2018) |
| Abdel Gawad et al. (2025) |
| Mahdy et al. (2024) | |
Finland | |
| Marmo et al. (1966) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data. ... |
| Lahti Seppo I. 2011. Kotkan ... | |
| Al-Ani et al. (2013) |
| Al-Ani et al. (2009) +2 other references |
| Ani et al. (2013) | |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Al-Ani et al. (2018) |
| tupa.gtk.fi (2016) |
| Al Ani Thair and Torppa Akseli 2011. ... |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analythical data (2014) |
| Al-Ani |
| Pohjalainen |
| Lahti et al. (1988) |
France | |
| Piret et al. (1990) |
| JV COUREAU collection - Georges FAVREAU ... |
Germany | |
| |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (1997) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Belendorff (2004) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Hensel (2021) |
| Möhn et al. (10/2020) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Jahn (1999) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
Greenland | |
| Distribution and mineralogy of rare earth element–Zr–Nb–Ta mineralisation within pegmatite sheets at Citadellet et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) |
Hungary | |
| Nagy et al. (2003) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| HOM Collection |
India | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Bhushan (2015) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Della Ventura |
| Pagano et al. (2001) |
| Balestra et al. (2011) |
| Domenico Preite +1 other reference |
| Bruno Marello et al. (2023) |
| Parola et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Carlo Maria Gramaccioli collection - ... |
| Mattioli (1985) |
| Cuchet et al. (2022) |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| 皆川鉄雄 et al. (2001) |
| European J. Mineralogy 20 (2008) |
| Imaoka et al. (1994) |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| |
Madagascar | |
| Andriamampihantona (1992) |
| Falster (2003) |
| Estrade (2014) |
| Estrade et al. (2014) | |
| Wolfgang Hampel (2011) |
Malawi | |
| Ngwenya (1994) |
| Guastoni et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Dowman et al. (2017) | |
Mauritania | |
| Livrable 87 +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| G.M. Tsareva data +3 other references |
| Park et al. (2021) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2021 |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Anatoly Nikiforov analytical data |
| N.V. Vladykin data |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +3 other references |
Morocco | |
| Benaouda et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| Cairncross (2005) |
| Niedermayr (2010) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (powder X-ray diffraction + SEM-EDS) +6 other references |
| Bodeving (2015) |
| Dunn (1991) |
Nigeria | |
| Styles et al. (1983) |
North Korea | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Norway | |
| |
| Frigstad (1968) | |
| Neumann et al. (1963) |
| Frigstad (1968) +1 other reference | |
| Revheim (2004) |
| Hansen (2001) | |
| Neumann et al. (1963) |
| Sverdrup et al. (1959) |
| Stensrud (2004) |
| |
| Raade et al. (1982) | |
| Ronald Werner pers. commentary oct. 2005 | |
| Kvamsdal (1993) |
| Kvamsdal (1998) |
| Raade (1993) |
| Husdal et al. (2017) |
| Sverdrup et al. (1959) |
| Husdal (2008) | |
| D. Harries collection | |
| Husdal (2023) | |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Husdal (2008) | |
| Sverdrup (1968) +1 other reference |
| Malcherek et al. (2025) +2 other references | |
| Ellingsen et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1972) | |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Raade et al. (1993) |
| Larsen et al. (2020) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Larsen et al. (2005) | |
| Larsen et al. (1976) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Andersen (2017) |
| Hermann Fylling |
| Knut Edvard Larsen photo & observation ... |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field sept 2013 ( see photo id -531881) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Peter Andresen collection & observation ... |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Andersen (1993) | |
| Brøgger (1890, January) +3 other references |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 7387 | |
| Berge (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 1880 |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ... | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Andresen et al. (2018) |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Larsen (2017) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ... +1 other reference | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2002 |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Larsen et al. (2015) | |
| Pers.com Knut Edv. Larsen 2008 +1 other reference |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Nordrum (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation and ... | |
| Berge (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Segalstad et al. (1978) |
| Berge et al. (2002) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Larsen et al. (2012) |
| Berge et al. (1975) +2 other references | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-4307) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Berge et al. (1980) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ... |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection and ... | |
| Berge et al. (2002) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection and ... | |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ... |
| Berge (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 235 | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ... |
| Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge et al. (2002) |
| Berge et al. (2002) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation on ... |
| Berge et al. (2011) | |
| Larsen et al. (2013) | |
| Nordrum (2005) | |
| Larsen (2023) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-889) | |
| Berge et al. (1980) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-263,MM-1559) | |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen observation in field ... | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (MM-805) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen (2023) | |
| Berge et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Raade et al. (1980) | |
| Berget (2006) |
Pakistan | |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Cegiełka et al. (2018) |
| Małek et al. (2021) |
| Mineralogia Polonica Vol. 29 (2) | |
| Körber et al. (2005) |
| Janeczek J. et al. (Ce) | |
| Naglik et al. (2021) |
Portugal | |
| Samples collected by Luigi Chiappino ... +1 other reference |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Pál Molnár (2000) +1 other reference |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
Russia | |
| Bulnaev et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Mironov A.G. and Gofman A.F (1979) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Ripp et al. (2019) |
| Чередниченко et al. (2014) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2020) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| A.V. Kasatkin et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| webmineral.ru (2016) | |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Savel'eva V.B. Karmanov N.S. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Mills et al. (2012) |
| - (2016) +1 other reference |
| I.I. Kupriyanova Mineralogy of ... |
| И.И. et al. (2023) |
| Prokopyev +4 other references |
| Kolotilina et al. (2024) |
| ... |
| Zaitsev et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Kasatkin (2019) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-5097 +1 other reference |
| Macdonald et al. (2022) | |
| Kalashnikov et al. (2016) | |
| Semenov E.I. (1972) |
| Kozlov +11 other references |
| Putintseva et al. (2017) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) |
| Kapustin Yu.L. (1989) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Victor V. Sharygin analytycal data (2012) |
Slovakia | |
| Ondrejka M. et al. (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) |
| Števko M. et al. (2020) |
| Uher P. et al. (2010) |
South Africa | |
| Giebel et al. (2017) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Coetzee (1976) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +3 other references |
| VERWOERD (1986) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Ковальчук et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Tánago et al. (2012) |
| Calvo et al. (2009) |
Sweden | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Holtstam et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Jonsson +3 other references |
| |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Holtstam et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Holtstam et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Mikael Janssons private collection +2 other references |
| Holtstam et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Hisinger (1838) +2 other references |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Holtstam et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Leonid A. Pautov data |
UK | |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (Priazovie) +2 other references | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Hanson et al. (2011) |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (2001) |
| Art Smith (unpublished manuscript) | |
| |
| Anonymous (1950) +9 other references |
| Clark (1993) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Goddard et al. (1940) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Müller et al. (2011) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Jim Hall |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 63: 457. |
| Schooner (1958) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min. 70:246 +3 other references |
| Buchholz et al. (2014) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Anita Moore-Nall and David R. Lageson (2015) |
| Anita Moore-Nall and David R. Lageson (2015) | |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (1999) | |
| Mitchell (2000) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp242-261 +1 other reference |
| Rocks&Min. 67:158-168 | |
| Rocks and Minerals (1990) | |
| Herndon (2018) |
| Rocks & Minerals Vol.65 No.4 +2 other references |
| King (n.d.) |
| R. C. Smith |
| Am. Min. 41 pp76-81 |
| Piccione et al. (2019) |
| Rocks and Minerals +1 other reference |
| Buchholz et al. (2007) |
| Buchholz et al. (2019) | |
| Buchholz et al. (2017) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 79:6 pp409-411 |
| ... |
Vietnam | |
| Feldman l.G. et al. (1987) |
Zambia | |
| Zambezi et al. (1997) |
The Moon | |
| Mokhov A.V. |
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Zagi Mountain, Hameed Abad Kafoor Dheri, Peshawar District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan