Halotrichite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Halotrichite
Formula:
FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Colour:
Colourless to white, yellowish, greenish; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Silky
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
1.89
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1839 by Ernst Friedrich Glocker from the Greek αλζ meaning salt and τρικοζ meaning hair. Latin form is "halotrichum," which in turn is from the older German name "Haarsalz" (hair salt).
Halotrichite Group; Halotrichite-Pickeringite Series.
Fe(II) analogue of Pickeringite.
At least a partial series extends toward Apjohnite.
Fe(II) analogue of Pickeringite.
At least a partial series extends toward Apjohnite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1809
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1809:4
IMA Classification of Halotrichite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Classification of Halotrichite
7.CB.85
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
29.7.3.2
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB2(XO4)4·H2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB2(XO4)4·H2O
25.11.26
25 : Sulphates
11 : Sulphates of Fe and other metals
25 : Sulphates
11 : Sulphates of Fe and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hth | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Halotrichite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Halotrichite
Silky
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless to white, yellowish, greenish; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
On {010}, poor.
On {010}, poor.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
1.89 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.95 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Pure end member values.
Optical Data of Halotrichite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.480 nβ = 1.486 nγ = 1.490
2V:
Measured: 35° , Calculated: 78°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Halotrichite
Mindat Formula:
FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Halotrichite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2 - Sphenoidal
Space Group:
P2
Cell Parameters:
a = 20.51 Å, b = 24.29 Å, c = 6.18 Å
β = 100.99°
β = 100.99°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.844 : 1 : 0.254
Unit Cell V:
3,022.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Crystals acicular [001]; distinctly terminated crystals rare. Radial or matted aggregates of hair-like crystals; tufted; spheroidal; as incrustations or efflorescences; asbestiform. Larger crystals may be hollow or contain bubbles of liquid or gas.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011972 | Halotrichite | Lovas G A (1986) Structural study of halotrichite from Recsk (Matra Mts., N-Hungary) Acta Geologica Hungarica 29 389-398 | 1986 | Recsk, Matra Mountains, Hungary | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.02 Å | (35) |
| 4.93 Å | (21) |
| 4.78 Å | (100) |
| 4.29 Å | (31) |
| 3.947 Å | (21) |
| 3.751 Å | (27) |
| 3.484 Å | (75) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Synonyms of Halotrichite
Hair-salt (in part)
Halotrichum (in part)
Other Language Names for Halotrichite
Dutch:Halotrichiet
French:Alotrichite
Italian:Halotrichine
Simplified Chinese:铁茂
Spanish:Alotrichita
Halotrichita
Halotrichita
Varieties of Halotrichite
| Bergbutter | A pale yellow crust or tuberose efflorescence found on slate or shale. Noted for a greasy feel when rubbed. |
| Masrite | A manganoan and cobaltoan variety of Halotrichite. Originally reported from Egypt. |
Relationship of Halotrichite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Halotrichite Group:
| Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2 |
| Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 90 photos of Halotrichite associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 75 photos of Halotrichite associated with Voltaite | K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 58 photos of Halotrichite associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 45 photos of Halotrichite associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 38 photos of Halotrichite associated with Botryogen | MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 24 photos of Halotrichite associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 24 photos of Halotrichite associated with Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 23 photos of Halotrichite associated with Krausite | KFe(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 22 photos of Halotrichite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 18 photos of Halotrichite associated with Native Sulphur | S8 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Completely soluble in water to an acid solution.
It can exhibit a fiber-optic image transmission effect (Baur et al. 1957).
It can exhibit a fiber-optic image transmission effect (Baur et al. 1957).
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Halotrichite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1809.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Halotrichite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.243
Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 669-760 p.724
Baur, G. S., Larsen, W. N., Sand, L. B. (1957) Image projection by fibrous minerals. American Mineralogist, 42 (9-10) 697-699
Zodrow, Erwin L., McCandlish, Keith (1978) Hydrated sulfates in the Sydney coalfield, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 16 (1) 17-22
Frost, Ray L., Theo Kloprogge, J., Williams, Peter A., Leverett, Peter (2000) Raman microscopy of some natural pseudo-alums: halotrichite, apjohnite and wupatkiite, at 298 and 77 K. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 31 (12). 1083-1087 doi:10.1002/1097-4555(200012)31:12<1083::aid-jrs647>3.0.co;2-#
Locke, Ashley J., Martens, Wayde N., Frost, Ray L. (2007) Thermal analysis of halotrichites. Thermochimica Acta, 459. 64-72 doi:10.1016/j.tca.2007.04.015
Zhitova, E. S., Sheveleva, R. M., Zolotarev, A. A., Krivovichev, S. V., Shilovskikh, V. V., Nuzhdaev, A. A., Nazarova, M. A. (2023) The crystal structure of magnesian halotrichite, (Fe,Mg)Al2(SO4)4·22H2O: hydrogen bonding, geometrical parameters and structural complexity. Journal of GEOsciences, 68 (2) 163-178
Localities for Halotrichite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Andorra | |
| Valenti Turu and Michels (1992) |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| MARQUEZ-ZAVALIA | |
| Zavalia et al. (1995) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Rivista Minera Geol. y Min. +2 other references |
| Perelló et al. (2023) |
Australia | |
| B. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997) |
| Keith Compton collection |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| B. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997) +1 other reference |
| |
| Thienenkamp (2004) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1985) | |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Anatoly Kasatkin analyses +1 other reference |
| Rob Fitzpatrick et al. (2010) |
| Pring et al. (1987) |
| Pring et al. (1987) |
| |
| Steve Sorrell Collection |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Jason Bennett Collection |
Austria | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
| Taucher (1993) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) | |
| Goldmann et al. (2008) | |
| Gerald Knobloch |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Niedermayr (1987) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) |
| Taucher (1992) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Weninger (1968) |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1979) |
| Collection of NHM |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Arthofer et al. (2025) |
| Erich Reiter et al. (1999) |
Belgium | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Mélon et al. (1976) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Van Tassel (1973) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
Brazil | |
| Gomes et al. (2023) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
| Dimitrova +4 other references |
| Atanassova et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Norman Wilson personal collection |
| Zodrow et al. (1978) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Ogilvie (1979) |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| Horváth et al. (1998) | |
| Tarassoff et al. (2006) |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| 150-152. +2 other references | |
Cape Verde | |
| Universidade de Evora +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Some of the Sulphates has been ... |
| Wet Chemical by Gerhard Möhn | |
| Kampf +5 other references |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter | |
| Bandy (1938) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy (http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/halotrichite.pdf) |
| Peter G. Seroka collection |
China | |
| Bingbin Yang (1979) |
| Bingbin Yang (1979) | |
| Liu et al. (2018) |
| Zhao +6 other references |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
| Guangzhi Tu et al. (1964) |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) |
Costa Rica | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Cuba | |
| Zwahr et al. (1999) |
Cyprus | |
| Ng +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Žáček et al. (1995) |
| Ales Tomek photo | |
| Velebil |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Fiala |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Jirásek et al. (2011) |
| Vinš V. (1957) |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Houzar S.: Přehled minerálů z ... |
| Kruťa T. (1944) |
| Varilová et al. (2011) |
| Filippi |
| Bouška |
| Petr Fuchs collection |
| Staněk (1991) +4 other references |
| Staněk (1997) | |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
Egypt | |
El Salvador | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Finland | |
| Arppe Finsk. Min. 1857 +1 other reference |
France | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pierre Le Roch |
| |
| Lacroix (1910) +1 other reference | |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Lheur et al. (2011) |
| Vanrusselt (2023) |
| Nicu Pacanu collection | |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| Lebocey (2014) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification. Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (Naturéum) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification. Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (Naturéum) |
| www.pangeaminerals.com (2005) |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Baret (1905) |
| Baret (1905) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Bourgoin et al. (2011) |
Germany | |
| Kleinander (2009) |
| Brill (2017) |
| Hahn (1991) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| ... |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) |
| Obermüller (1992) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Jahn (2013) |
| Aufschluss 1980 (6) |
| Aufschluss 1980 (6) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| found by Thomas Thieme |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Vertacnik (1983) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Ferber (1776) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection / Analyses by ... |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Naumann et al. (1898) |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Liebeskind et al. (1992) |
Greece | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| 62 +3 other references |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2007) |
Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll et al. (2008) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. | |
| NAGY et al. (2000) | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll-Kristály-2018 +1 other reference |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. +1 other reference |
| Tokody (1954) | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| |
| |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
Iceland | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Carson (2015) |
Iran | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Ireland | |
| Stephen Moreton Collection |
Italy | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Pailette (1842) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Russo et al. (2017) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Russo et al. (2017) | |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Carbone et al. (2002) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) |
| Barelli (1835) +1 other reference | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| P.Forti (1994) |
| Jervis (1873) | |
| Jervis (1881) | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Hockauf (1887) |
| Andreatta C. (Trentino) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) |
| Sitta et al. (1981) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| F. Millosevich (1915) | |
| Benvenuti et al. (1990) |
| Biagioni et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Biagioni et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| Sabelli et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Ueno Scientific Co. specimen |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski (2019) |
Mexico | |
| Prescott |
| Am Min (1931) +1 other reference |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Jones et al. (2021) |
Morocco | |
| Hakkou et al. (2008) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland | |
| Mestrom (2023) |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of Rod Martin |
| Cody et al. (1979) |
| Rod Martin et al. (NZ) |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Sameshima (1986) |
Nicaragua | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Norway | |
| Schumacher (1801) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Kvamsdal (1990) | |
| Caillere et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1989) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Larsen (1993) |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Jørgensen et al. (2001) |
| Ellingsen (1989) |
| |
Pakistan | |
| Niazi (2023) |
Peru | |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) |
| Tyc et al. (2022) | |
| Hyršl (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
Poland | |
| Cabała et al. (2008) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) |
| Balcerzak et al. (1992) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) | |
| Ciesielczukk |
| Kruszewski et al. (2020) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| |
| Nunes (n.d.) | |
| Nunes (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Onac (2009) |
| Own collect. |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| A. Januszewska PXRD data / Januszewska et al. (in preparation) |
| abstract. +3 other references | |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Zhitova et al. (2023) |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference | |
| www.kscnet.ru (2019) | |
| Zhitova et al. (2022) | |
| Zhitova et al. (2022) | |
| Bortnikova et al. (2005) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Eremin et al. (2014) |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi (1995) |
Serbia | |
| Jahrestagung der DGK et al. (2002) |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Bohuslav Burev collection |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda |
| Duda et al. (1992) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Ďuďa |
Slovenia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Alonso et al. (Almería) |
| Frost +4 other references |
| Navarro et al. (2008) |
| Navarro et al. (2008) | |
| Andreas Brand collection |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Valente et al. (2013) | |
| Valente et al. (2013) | |
| Calvo (1999) |
| Campeny et al. (2023) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Rafael Marin's Collection +1 other reference |
| |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Crespo et al. (2017) |
| Pascual +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Romani (2000) |
| Romani (2000) | |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Taiwan | |
| |
Togo | |
| Wolfgang Hampel (2013) |
UK | |
| Ryback et al. (2001) |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
| |
| |
| Ian Jones or national Museum of Wales ... |
Ukraine | |
| A. Tischenko. Minerals of the Crimea - ... |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Dean (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Grant et al. (2005) | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Bollin et al. (1958) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Scarborough (1981) | |
| Anatoly Kasatkin analyses |
| Keith (1972) |
| Robert Lavinsky specimen |
| |
| Jones et al. (1983) |
| Jones et al. (1983) |
| Museum Victoria specimen # M 36234 |
| Bayliss et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| John Sobolewski collection |
| Ransom (1974) |
| Howard (2007) | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Committee et al. (1989) |
| Committee et al. (1989) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 16: 411. +6 other references |
| Ross (1940a) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) | |
| Baur et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Neuerberg (1951) +4 other references |
| Neuerberg (1951) | |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references |
| ... |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| part 2 +4 other references |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| SDSU Geology Department unpublished ... |
| Kampf et al. (2024) |
| Nordstrom et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| …Volcano Letter o. 293: 1-3 1930: 118 +4 other references |
| Vonsen (1946) +3 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| In the collection of Alex Earl |
| Yale Peabody Museum collection |
| David Eicher photo | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Jesse Crawford specimen |
| Hon | |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) | |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) | |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) | |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (1997) +1 other reference |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Gleba (2008) | |
| Morris (1983) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| R.M. Joeckel et al. (2011) |
| Pabian (1971) |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Pabian (1971) | |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Pabian (1971) |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) | |
| Pabian (1971) |
| Jensen (1999) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Bowell et al. (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mortimer (2007) |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| Nora K. Foley et al. (2006) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1451 | |
| NEW MEXICO GEOLOGY November 2004 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| New Mexico Bureau of Geology Mineral ... |
| Coskren et al. (2000) |
| Environmental Geology: 45: 47. +1 other reference | |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Rod Martin Collection |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Gordon |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Lapham et al. (1976) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Flohr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Smith (1991) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rosenzweig et al. (1955) +1 other reference | |
| Young et al. (1960) | |
| DANA R. KELLEY AND PAUL F. KERR (1958) | |
| EDS analyzed by Joy Desor. +1 other reference | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Excalibur Mineral Co. microprobe ... +1 other reference |
| Plášil et al. (2013) |
| Travis Olds collection | |
| Patrick Haynes. IDs by the late Howard ... | |
| Min News 5:10 p1-5 +1 other reference | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Contributions to Economic Geology | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Robinson (1996) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
| wgnhs.uwex.edu (n.d.) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Uklonskiy et al. (1964) +2 other references |
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