Pickeringite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Pickeringite
John Pickering
Formula:
MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Colour:
Colourless to white, light yellow, pale pink, orange, gray; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
1.73 - 1.79
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Augustus A. Hayes in 1844 in honor of John Pickering (7 February 1777, Salem, Massachusetts, USA - 5 May 1846, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), linguist, philologist, and President of the American Academy of Sciences.
Type Locality:
Halotrichite Group; Halotrichite-Pickeringite Series.
The Mg analogue of Halotrichite.
At least a partial series entends toward Apjohnite.
The Mg analogue of Halotrichite.
At least a partial series entends toward Apjohnite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3204
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3204:5
IMA Classification of Pickeringite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1844
Classification of Pickeringite
7.CB.85
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
29.7.3.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB2(XO4)4·H2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB2(XO4)4·H2O
25.3.18
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pkg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Pickeringite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Colourless to white, light yellow, pale pink, orange, gray; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
On {010} poor.
On {010} poor.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
1.73 - 1.79 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.84 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Pure end-member values.
Optical Data of Pickeringite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.475 nβ = 1.480 nγ = 1.483
2V:
Measured: 60° , Calculated: 80°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.008
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Pickeringite
Mindat Formula:
MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Mn,Fe,Co
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| Al2O3 | 11.72 % |
| MgO | 5.34 % |
| MnO | 0.42 % |
| FeO | 0.27 % |
| SO3 | 36.31 % |
| H2O | 45.66 % |
| Total: | 99.72 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Franquenies, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium |
Crystallography of Pickeringite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 20.8 Å, b = 24.2 Å, c = 6.18 Å
β = 95°
β = 95°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.86 : 1 : 0.255
Unit Cell V:
3,098.93 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals acicular [001]; distinctly terminated crystals rare. Radial or matted aggregates of hair-like crystals; tufted; spheroidal; as incrustations or effloresences; asbestiform. Larger crystals may be hollow or contain bubbles of liquid or gas.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006848 | Pickeringite | Quartieri S, Triscari M, Viani A (2000) Crystal structure of the hydrated sulphate pickeringite (MgAl2(SO4)4.22H2O): X-ray powder diffraction study European Journal of Mineralogy 12 1131-1138 | 2000 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.08 Å | (20) |
| 4.97 Å | (20) |
| 4.82 Å | (100) |
| 4.32 Å | (35) |
| 4.122 Å | (30) |
| 3.510 Å | (90) |
| 3.791 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 12-299.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Common mineral formed by oxidation of pyrite in aluminous rocks, coal seams, caves, fumaroles, ore veins in arid regions.
Type Occurrence of Pickeringite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Masses, composed of long parallel fibers.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Synonyms of Pickeringite
Other Language Names for Pickeringite
Italian:Picroallumogene
Russian:Пиккерингит
Simplified Chinese:镁明矾
Spanish:Pickeringita
Seelandita
Seelandita
Traditional Chinese:鎂明礬
Varieties of Pickeringite
| Ferropickeringite | An iron-rich variety of pickeringite. Originally reported from Dientnergraben, Eschenau, Lend, Schwarzach, Salzburg, Austria. |
| Kasparite | A Co-bearing variety of pickeringite. Originally described from Dubník, Červenica (Czerwenitza), Northern Slanské Mts, Presov Region, Slovak Republic. |
| Manganese-bearing Pickeringite | Mn'' may substitute for (Mg,Fe) in at least a partial series toward Apjohnite. |
Relationship of Pickeringite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Halotrichite Group:
| Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2 : P2 |
| Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2 |
| Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 12 photos of Pickeringite associated with Magnesiocopiapite | MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 10 photos of Pickeringite associated with Botryogen | MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 10 photos of Pickeringite associated with Magnesioaubertite | (Mg,Cu)Al(SO4)2Cl · 14H2O |
| 9 photos of Pickeringite associated with Kasparite | (Mg,Co)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 9 photos of Pickeringite associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 8 photos of Pickeringite associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 7 photos of Pickeringite associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 5 photos of Pickeringite associated with Fibroferrite | Fe3+(SO4)(OH) · 5H2O |
| 5 photos of Pickeringite associated with Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 5 photos of Pickeringite associated with Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube, yields water.
Notes:
Soluble in water, with the solution having an acid pH and an astringent taste.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Pickeringite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3204.html
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References for Pickeringite
Reference List:
Dana, James D., Brush, George Jarvis (1868) A System of Mineralogy (5th ed.). p.882p.654 - as Bosjemanite
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.119
Localities for Pickeringite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Vennum (1986) |
Argentina | |
| Notulae Naturae of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1941) |
| Juan Carlos Lodovichi | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Keith Compton collection |
| Leverett et al. (2007) |
| Birch (1999) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Rob Fitzpatrick et al. (2010) |
| 1. Carroll 2002. +1 other reference |
| |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference | |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
| Goldmann et al. (2008) | |
| Goldmann et al. (2008) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Meixner et al. (1937) |
| Taucher (2012) |
| Postl et al. (2014) |
| Postl et al. (2011) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Weninger (1968) |
| Meixner (1954) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1979) |
| MEIXNER (1980) |
| Taucher et al. (1995) |
| Arthofer et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Van Tassel (1944) +4 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
Brazil | |
| Waber et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Atencio et al. (2011) |
| Queiroz (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Elena Shcherbakova (2010) |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
| Младенова et al. (2007) |
Canada | |
| Ralph L. Rutherford (1932) |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Zodrow (1989) |
| Zodrow et al. (1978) | |
| How (1867) |
Cape Verde | |
| Universidade de Evora |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Igor V. Pekov |
| Kampf +5 other references |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| S. G. Gordon (1942) |
| American Journal of Science (1844) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Acta Mineral. Sinica: 21 (3) |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
| Guangzhi Tu et al. (1964) |
| Kaiyin Bai and Zhaoxin Han (2007) |
| Luo et al. (2019) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Žáček et al. (1995) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (powder X-ray diffraction + SEM-EDS) +1 other reference |
| Velebil |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Breiter K. (1976) |
| Scharm +7 other references | |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. (1999) |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Petr Pauliš |
Egypt | |
| |
Finland | |
| Vorma |
France | |
| |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| Galéa-Clolus et al. (2023) |
| Galéa-Clolus et al. (2023) |
Germany | |
| Manfred Früchtl collection (SEM-EDS analysed) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer (2000) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Košek (2018) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Liebeskind et al. (1992) |
Greece | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Lazaridis G. et al. (2011) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2007) |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Hungary | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll et al. (2008) | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. +1 other reference |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
Iceland | |
| Lahan (2012) |
Italy | |
| D’Angeli et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| NHM +1 other reference |
| Russo et al. (2004) | |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Mormone et al. (2015, April) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Carbone et al. (2002) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2020) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Ferrari et al. (1950) +2 other references |
| C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) |
| Scaini G. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Gamboni et al. (2021) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Da Pelo et al. (2000) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| M.E. Ciriotti - 11.06.2008 - Probed |
| Renzulli +4 other references |
| Campostrini et al. (2011) |
| Campostrini et al. (2011) |
| GEBHARD G. et al. (1988) | |
| GEBHARD G. et al. (1988) | |
| GEBHARD G. et al. (1988) | |
| GEBHARD G. et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Forenza et al. (2005) |
| |
| Brizzi G. & Meli R. (1995) |
| Göske et al. (1997) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Innocenti et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| G. D'Achiardi (picroallumogene) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| F. Millosevich (1914) |
| L. Rossato | |
| Panichi (1909) | |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Mauro D. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi (2005) |
| Sabelli et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Matsubara (2002) |
| - (T. Minakawa, Univ. Ehime) |
Mexico | |
| |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
| Yta et al. (2005) | |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
| Hynek et al. (2013, March) +1 other reference |
| Hynek et al. (2013, March) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
Norway | |
| Broch (1931) |
Pakistan | |
| Niazi (2023) |
| M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
Peru | |
| Tyc et al. (2022) |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) | |
| Tyc et al. (2022) | |
Poland | |
| Marszałek +2 other references |
| Siuda (2004) +1 other reference |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Kruszewski (2013) |
| Kruszewski (2013) | |
Portugal | |
| Joana Ribeiro et al. (2013) |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010) |
| Onac (2009) |
| European Journal of Mineralogy: 12: ... +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference | |
| Bortnikova et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Kudrin et al. (2021) |
| Dana 7:II:502 |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi (1995) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| David Parfitt collection | |
| Myšľan P. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Frias +2 other references |
| Martinez Frias et al. (1992) |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Valente et al. (2013) | |
| Romero et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Manuel Echevarria Rodriguez |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Crespo et al. (2017) |
| FMF Forum |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
UK | |
| |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Kasatkin (2019) |
| A. Tischenko. Minerals of the Crimea - ... |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anatoly Kasatkin analyses |
| Williams et al. (1995) | |
| Grant et al. (2005) | |
| Grant et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Howard (2007) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Roberts et al. (1974) | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Bob Bartsch collection +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| |
| Roberts et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Rock Currier |
| Dr. Housley +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1974) | |
| Allen (1927) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| collected by Eckhard D. Stuart +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Sullivan (1985) |
| J. Zolan Collec. | |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| Schooner (1955) |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +3 other references | |
| Anderson (1994) | |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Dana 6: 1083. |
| Guilbert and Zeihen +3 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Bowell et al. (2005) |
| R. C. Peterson et al.: Am. Min.: 90 (2005) |
| R&M 74:6 p380-390 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jensen (1978) |
| Environmental Geology: 45: 47. +1 other reference |
| Carlson (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| |
| Carlson (2015) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Gold (2006, October) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Wayne Osborne Collection |
| Coskren et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Plášil et al. (2013) |
| SEM/EDS confirmed. | |
| Collected and analyzed by Joy Desor. |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| Hammarstrom et al. (1999) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Uklonskiy et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
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Faraglione Ranni, Faraglioni di Levante, Porto Levante, Vulcano Island, Lipari, Eolie Islands, Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily, Italy