Rozenite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Rozenite
Zygmunt Rozen
Formula:
FeSO4 · 4H2O
Colour:
Colourless to white, pale green
Lustre:
Vitreous, Dull
Hardness:
2 - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.293
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Zygmunt Rozen (16 May 1874, Zbaraj, Poland (now Ukraine) – 29 May 1936, Kraków, Poland), mineralogist and petrographer, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Kraków, Poland. First published in 1960 and voted by the IMA to be distinct from siderotil in 1988.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3469
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3469:8
IMA Classification of Rozenite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Fe2+(SO4) · 4H2O
First published:
1960
Classification of Rozenite
7.CB.15
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
29.6.6.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.10.2
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Rzn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Rozenite
Vitreous, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Colourless to white, pale green
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 - 3 on Mohs scale
Density:
2.293 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.29 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Rozenite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.526 - 1.528 nβ = 1.536 - 1.537 nγ = 1.541 - 1.545
2V:
Measured: 90° , Calculated: 70° to 86°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.015 - 0.017
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Chemistry of Rozenite
Mindat Formula:
FeSO4 · 4H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Rozenite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.979(4) Å, b = 13.648(4) Å, c = 7.977(3) Å
β = 90.26(10)°
β = 90.26(10)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.438 : 1 : 0.584
Unit Cell V:
650.93 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009276 | Rozenite | Baur W H (1962) Zur kristallchemie der salzhydrate. Die kristallstrukturen von MgSO4*4H2O (leonhardtit) und FeSO4*4H2O (rozenit) Acta Crystallographica 15 815-826 |  | 1962 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.47 Å | (100) |
| 5.46 Å | (90) |
| 4.47 Å | (70) |
| 3.40 Å | (60) |
| 6.85 Å | (50) |
| 3.22 Å | (50) |
| 2.953 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Manitoba, Canada. The data are from Jambor and Traill (1963).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Type Occurrence of Rozenite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Kraków, Poland.
Other Language Names for Rozenite
Relationship of Rozenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Rozenite Group:
| Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 14 photos of Rozenite associated with Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 11 photos of Rozenite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 7 photos of Rozenite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
| 5 photos of Rozenite associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
| 5 photos of Rozenite associated with Orpiment | As2S3 |
| 5 photos of Rozenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 4 photos of Rozenite associated with Asphaltite | |
| 4 photos of Rozenite associated with Sandstone | |
| 4 photos of Rozenite associated with Anorthominasragrite | (V4+O)(SO4) · 5H2O |
| 3 photos of Rozenite associated with Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in H2O
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Rozenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3469.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Rozenite
Reference List:
Baur, Werner H. (1960) Die Kristallstruktur von FeSO4·4H2O. Die Naturwissenschaften, 47 (20). 467 doi:10.1007/bf00638284
Baur, W. H. (1962) Zur Kristallchemie der Salzhydrate. Die Kristallstrukturen von MgSO4.4H2O (Leonhardtit) und FeSO4.4H2O (Rozenit). Acta Crystallographica, 15 (9). 815-826 doi:10.1107/s0365110x62002200
Ehlers, Ernest G., Stiles, David V. (1965) Melanterite-rozenite equilibrium. American Mineralogist, 50 (9) 1457-1460
Bayliss, Peter (1987) Mineral nomenclature: rozenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 51 (359) 176 doi:10.1180/minmag.1987.051.359.24
Young, Brian, Nancarrow, Peter H. A. (1988) Rozenite and Other Sulphate Minerals from the Cumbrian Coalfield. Mineralogical Magazine, 52 (367) 551-552 doi:10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.16
Hawthorne, Frank C., Burke, Ernst A. J., Ercit, T. Scott, Grew, Edward S., Grice, Joel D., Jambor, John L., Puziewicz, Jacek, Roberts, Andrew C., Vanko, David A. (1988) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 73 (1-2) 189-199
Chou, I-Ming, Seal, R.R., Hemingway, B.S. (2002) Determination of melanterite-rozenite and chalcanthite-bonattite equilibria by humidity measurements at 0.1 MPa. American Mineralogist, 87 (1) 108-114 doi:10.2138/am-2002-0112
Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170
Lopez-Reyes, G., Sobron, P., Lefebvre, C., Rull, F. (2014) Multivariate analysis of Raman spectra for the identification of sulfates: Implications for ExoMars. American Mineralogist, 99 (8) 1570-1579 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4724
Meusburger, Johannes M.; Hudson-Edwards, Karen A.; Tang, Chiu C.; Connolly, Eamonn T.; Crane, Rich A.; Fortes, A. Dominic (2023) Low-temperature crystallography and vibrational properties of rozenite (FeSO4·4H2O), a candidate mineral component of the polyhydrated sulfate deposits on Mars. American Mineralogist, 108 (6). 1080-1091 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8502
Localities for Rozenite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Li et al. (2003) |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Thienenkamp (2004) |
| Forsyth et al. (2015) |
| |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J. Mörtl: Carinthia II 192./112.:329-330 (2002) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 186./106.:130 (1996) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Taucher et al. (1993) |
| Josef Taucher & Christine Elisabeth Hollerer (2012) |
| Taucher (2012) |
| |
| Bernhard (2006) |
| Taucher (1996) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2000) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Taucher et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Bojar (1996) |
| |
| Kolitsch (2012) |
Belgium | |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Van Tassel (1973) +4 other references |
| Van Tassel (1973) +2 other references |
| van Tassel (1979) +1 other reference |
| |
| Leduc et al. (2012) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Brazil | |
| Gomes et al. (2023) |
| Atencio et al. (2011) |
Bulgaria | |
| Atanassova et al. (2009) |
| Zidarov et al. (2010) |
| Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte et al. (10) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Sabina (2015) |
| Sabina (2015) | |
| - (2022) |
| Sabina (1967) | |
| Norman Wilson personal collection +2 other references |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| SABINA (1976) | |
| Can Min vol 25 pp 221-226 (1987) |
| Rocks & Min 81:1 pp 24-32 | |
| Zodrow et al. (1978) |
| Zodrow et al. (1978) |
| Richardson (1988) |
| Gait et al. (1990) |
| Izawa et al. (2011) |
| 162-165. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1987) |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Sabina (1986) | |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Gatineau (Hull) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Sabina (2007) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1971) |
| Sabina (1971) |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Sabina (1971) | |
| Ontario Division of Mines |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Cobalt - Belleterre - Timmins +1 other reference |
| Sabina +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1983) |
| Sabina (1983) | |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
| Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 41 (1987) |
| Hull-Maniwaki +1 other reference |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1972) |
Chile | |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
China | |
| Liu et al. (2018) |
| Niu et al. (2023) |
| Niu et al. (2023) | |
| Kaiyin Bai and Zhaoxin Han (2007) |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) |
Costa Rica | |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Cuba | |
| Zwahr et al. (1999) |
Czech Republic | |
| Harapát +1 other reference |
| Plášil et al. (2012) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Matýsek D. |
| Pašava +7 other references |
| Hybler et al. (2016) |
Finland | |
| Vorma (1966) |
| I. Mikkola Collection |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Bourgoin et al. (2011) |
Germany | |
| |
| Lapis 1985 (11) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Falkenstein (2010) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Habel (2007) +1 other reference |
| Habel (2003) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| Baumgärtl (2006) |
| Jahn (2013) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hentschel |
| Hentschel | |
| Hentschel |
| Hentschel |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Hentschel |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Witzke (2024) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Ullrich (2018) |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Skarpelis et al. (2004) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2006) | |
Greenland | |
| Jakobsen (1989) |
Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Locality |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| |
| GEODA 2013/2 |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| |
| |
| GEODA 2004 |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
Iceland | |
| Carson (2015) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
Italy | |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Vergani F. et al. (2019) |
| P. Mattias- M. Guerra (2008) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2024) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2024) |
| Mauro Savia et al. (2024) |
| Scaini G. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Artioli et al. (1990) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Artioli et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| www.dakotamatrix.com (n.d.) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Gianandrea Ghirri |
| Forti et al. (1989) |
Japan | |
| Nambu et al (1979) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Nambu (1974) +1 other reference |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski (2019) |
Mexico | |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
| Yta et al. (2005) | |
| Yta et al. (2005) | |
| Morgan (2017) |
Morocco | |
| WALENTA (1981) |
Netherlands | |
| Mestrom (2023) |
New Zealand | |
| Rod Martin personal collection |
North Macedonia | |
| Rieck (1993) +3 other references |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Garmo (1974) +1 other reference |
| Larsen (2015) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Raade (1989) |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Larsen et al. (2021) |
| Rune S. Selbekk (2010) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Petersen et al. (2002) |
Peru | |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) |
| Tyc et al. (2022) | |
| Lewis Jr (1964) |
| Smuda +4 other references |
Poland | |
| Cabała et al. (2008) |
| Jambor et al. (1963) |
| Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data + ... |
| Ciesielczukk +1 other reference |
| Kruszewski et al. (2020) |
| M. Nieć |
Portugal | |
| Álvarez-Valero et al. (2008) |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Apopei et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| |
| Buzatu et al. (2012) |
| Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF analysis ... |
| Ł. Kruszewski & M. Cegiełka PXRD data +2 other references | |
| Ł. Kruszewski visual identification |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Ł. Kruszewski visual identification |
Russia | |
| Blinov et al. (2011) |
| Nishanbaev et al. (2016) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Gas’kova et al. (2008) |
| ... |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data |
| Zanin et al. (2009) |
| Ganino et al. (2019) |
| Pekov et al. (2014) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Eremin et al. (2014) |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi (1995) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda |
| Smirnov A. (Nízke Tatry) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Castro +2 other references |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Bocamina (4) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) | |
| Barcelona University collection |
| Crespo López et al. (2023) |
| Joan Rosell (2017) |
Switzerland | |
| Krähenbühl H. (1987) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Bächtiger K. (1986) |
| Meisser et al. (2000) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Analyses Nicolas Meisser (15/11/2017) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tunisia | |
| Smykatz-Kloss et al. (2010) |
UK | |
| Fitch et al. (2022) |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Norman Wilson personal collection |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) | |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
| National Museum of Wales database |
Ukraine | |
| Möckel et al. (1992) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) +2 other references |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| SDSU Geology Department unpublished ... |
| Gross et al. (1967) +3 other references |
| Majzlan et al. (2011) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Melchiorre (2005) |
| Tien (1967) |
| Cerato |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Nora K. Foley et al. (2006) |
| Patrick Haynes. Found as a white ... |
| Carlson (2015) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| gsa.confex.com (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Montgomery (Dec, 1972 & Jan, 1973) +1 other reference |
| rruff-2.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
| Flohr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Min News 6:8 p3 |
| Schindler et al. (2003) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Patrick Haynes. ID via the late Howard ... | |
| Joe Marty (2015) |
| Hålenius et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Piatak et al. (2004) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
Yemen | |
| Mondillo et al. (2014) |
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Jas Roux, La Chapelle-en-Valgaudemar, Gap, Hautes-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France